{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T04:45:48Z","timestamp":1766551548975,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":325,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vulvar cancer (VC) is a specific form of malignancy accounting for 5\u20136% of all gynaecologic malignancies. Although VC occurs most commonly in women after 60 years of age, disease incidence has risen progressively in premenopausal women in recent decades. VC demonstrates particular features requiring well-adapted therapeutic approaches to avoid potential treatment-related complications. Significant improvements in disease-free survival and overall survival rates for patients diagnosed with post-stage I disease have been achieved by implementing a combination therapy consisting of radical surgical resection, systemic chemotherapy and\/or radiotherapy. Achieving local control remains challenging. However, mostly due to specific anatomical conditions, the need for comprehensive surgical reconstruction and frequent post-operative healing complications. Novel therapeutic tools better adapted to VC particularities are essential for improving individual outcomes. To this end, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment is a promising option for VC, and is particularly appropriate for the local treatment of dysplastic lesions, early intraepithelial cancer, and invasive tumours. In addition, CAP also helps reduce inflammatory complications and improve wound healing. The application of CAP may realise either directly or indirectly utilising nanoparticle technologies. CAP has demonstrated remarkable treatment benefits for several malignant conditions, and has created new medical fields, such as \u201cplasma medicine\u201d and \u201cplasma oncology\u201d. This article highlights the benefits of CAP for the treatment of VC, VC pre-stages, and postsurgical wound complications. There has not yet been a published report of CAP on vulvar cancer cells, and so this review summarises the progress made in gynaecological oncology and in other cancers, and promotes an important, understudied area for future research. The paradigm shift from reactive to predictive, preventive and personalised medical approaches in overall VC management is also considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T11:43:06Z","timestamp":1603885386000},"page":"7988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (CAP) as a New Tool for the Management of Vulva Cancer and Vulvar Premalignant Lesions in Gynaecological Oncology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Pavol","family":"Zubor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecological Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"OBGY Health &amp; Care, Ltd., 010 01 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecological Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Liskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2545-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Samec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Koklesova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Dankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6274-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"D\u00f8rum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecological Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Kajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute Hospital, 81250 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Dvorska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2321-4573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Lucansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibiana","family":"Malicherova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-0855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Kasubova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Bujnak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kukuras Michalovce Hospital, 07101 Michalovce, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Mlyncek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty Hospital Nitra, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Dussan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Orthopaedics and Oncology, University Hospital Link\u00f6ping, 581 85 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4312-5076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Kubatka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5196-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dietrich","family":"B\u00fcsselberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P.O. 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