{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:42:12Z","timestamp":1791805332180,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/18\/0104\/L-8\/16\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/18\/0104\/L-8\/16\/NCBR\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sterilization of a material carries the risk of unwanted changes in physical and chemical structure. The choice of method is a challenge\u2014the process must be efficient, without significantly changing the properties of the material. In the presented studies, we analyzed the effect of selected sterilization\/disinfection techniques on the properties of nanofibrous polyurethane biomaterial. Both radiation techniques (UV, gamma, e-beam) and 20 minutes\u2019 contact with 70% EtOH were shown not to achieve 100% sterilization efficiency. The agar diffusion test showed higher sterilization efficiency when using an antimicrobial solution (AMS). At the same time, none of the analyzed techniques significantly altered the morphology and distribution of fiber diameters. EtOH and e-beam sterilization resulted in a significant reduction in material porosity together with an increase in the Young\u2019s modulus. Similarly, AMS sterilization increased the value of Young\u2019s modulus. In most cases, the viability of cells cultured in contact with the sterilized materials was not affected by the sterilization process. Only for UV sterilization, cell viability was significantly lower and reached about 70% of control after 72 h of culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T23:06:12Z","timestamp":1604012772000},"page":"8092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Evaluation of Sterilization\/Disinfection Methods of Fibrous Polyurethane Scaffolds Designed for Tissue Engineering Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3411-9793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"\u0141opianiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2074-1944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata A.","family":"Butruk-Raszeja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(04)00233-0","article-title":"Scaffolds for tissue fabrication","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2016.07.016","article-title":"Impact of sterilization methods on electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"82","author":"Rediguieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Z., Ronholm, J., Tian, Y., Sethi, B., and Cao, X. (2016). Sterilization techniques for biodegradable scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. J. Tissue Eng., 7.","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731416648810"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"43","article-title":"Sterilization methods and the comparison of E-beam sterilization with gamma radiation sterilization","volume":"34","author":"Silindir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fabad J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.02.015","article-title":"The influence of \u03b3 irradiation and ethylene oxide treatment on the release characteristics of biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) composites","volume":"97","author":"Hsiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(98)70034-3","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the sporicidal activity of new low-temperature sterilization technologies: Ethylene oxide, 2 plasma sterilization systems, and liquid peracetic acid","volume":"26","author":"Rutala","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.10.014","article-title":"Ethylene oxide sterilization of medical devices: A review","volume":"35","author":"Mendes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)85754-1","article-title":"Sterilization, toxicity, biocompatibility and clinical applications of polylactic acid\/polyglycolic acid copolymers","volume":"17","author":"Athanasiou","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30081","article-title":"Effects of different sterilization methods on the morphology, mechanical properties, and cytotoxicity of chitosan membranes used as wound dressings","volume":"71","author":"Marreco","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2012.09.016","article-title":"Ethanol disinfection affects physical properties and cell response of electrospun poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds","volume":"48","author":"Gualandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09310.x","article-title":"Developing biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering of the urethra","volume":"107","author":"Selim","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33049","article-title":"The effect of sterilization methods on electronspun poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and subsequent adhesion efficiency of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"102","author":"Braghirolli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2006.01151.x","article-title":"Influence of \u03b3 irradiation on the mechanical strength and in vitro biodegradation of porous hydroxyapatite\/collagen composite","volume":"89","author":"Yunoki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.07.005","article-title":"Effect of sterilisation by gamma irradiation on the ability of polycaprolactone (PCL) to act as a scaffold material","volume":"31","author":"Cottam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6028(01)01297-3","article-title":"Does UV irradiation affect polymer properties relevant to tissue engineering?","volume":"491","author":"Fischbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.12.022","article-title":"Residual antibiotics in allograft heart valve tissue samples following antibiotic disinfection","volume":"60","author":"Leeming","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-007-9040-5","article-title":"Decontamination of heart valve and arterial allografts in the European Homograft Bank (EHB): Comparison of two different antibiotic cocktails in low temperature conditions","volume":"8","author":"Jashari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34951","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b12994","article-title":"A Review of the Fundamental Principles and Applications of Solution Blow Spinning","volume":"8","author":"Daristotle","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1002\/app.30275","article-title":"Solution blow spinning: A new method to produce micro- and nanofibers from polymer solutions","volume":"113","author":"Medeiros","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-005-4428-x","article-title":"Recent development of polymer nanofibers for biomedical and biotechnological applications","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(02)00041-X","article-title":"Release of tetracycline hydrochloride from electrospun poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate), poly(lactic acid), and a blend","volume":"81","author":"Kenawy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2015.0100","article-title":"The tissue-engineered vascular graft-Past, present, and future","volume":"22","author":"MacNeil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00635-X","article-title":"A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering","volume":"24","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.08.062","article-title":"Fabrication of nano-structured porous PLLA scaffold intended for nerve tissue engineering","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10101","article-title":"Biological response of chondrocytes cultured in three-dimensional nanofibrous poly(\u03f5-caprolactone) scaffolds","volume":"67A","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1039\/C5BM00211G","article-title":"Three-dimensional multilayered fibrous constructs for wound healing applications","volume":"4","author":"Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S15586","article-title":"Manufacturing of biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds based on polycaprolactone using a phase separation method: Physical properties and in vitro assay","volume":"6","author":"Asefnejad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tcharkhtchi, A., Farzaneh, S., Abdallah-Elhirtsi, S., Esmaeillou, B., Nony, F., and Baron, A. (2017). Thermal Aging Effect on Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane. Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact., 19.","DOI":"10.1080\/1023666X.2014.932644"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(00)00009-2","article-title":"Mechanical properties of polyurethane films prepared from liquefied wood with polymeric MDI","volume":"74","author":"Kurimoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2016.02.003","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of urethane co-oligomers containing pendant fluoroalkyl ether groups","volume":"95","author":"Doss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.60.3.873","article-title":"Mechanism of action of streptomycin in E. coli: Interruption of the ribosome cycle at the initiation of protein synthesis","volume":"60","author":"Luzzatto","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.6.2730","article-title":"Mechanism of penicillin action: Penicillin and substrate bind covalently to the same active site serine in two bacterial D-alanine carboxypeptidases","volume":"76","author":"Yocum","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Noor, A., and Preuss, C.V. (2019). Antifungal Membrane Function Inhibitors (Amphotericin B), StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"319","article-title":"Effects of different sterilization methods on polyester surfaces","volume":"23","author":"Hockenberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.166","article-title":"Ultraviolet C irradiation: An alternative antimicrobial approach to localized infections?","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00136-8","article-title":"Optimizing the sterilization of PLGA scaffolds for use in tissue engineering","volume":"22","author":"Holy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.147","article-title":"Antiseptics and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance","volume":"12","author":"Mcdonnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt396","article-title":"Decellularized silk fibroin scaffold primed with adipose mesenchymal stromal cells improves wound healing in diabetic mice","volume":"5","author":"Navone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.11.012","article-title":"An electrospun PVDF-TrFe fiber sensor platform for biological applications","volume":"222","author":"Beringer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1002\/app.36436","article-title":"Correlations of In Vitro in In vivo Degradation Tests on Electrospun Poly-DL-Lactide-Poly(ethylene glycol) Fibers","volume":"116","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bye, F.J., Wang, L., Bullock, A.J., Blackwood, K.A., Ryan, A.J., and Macneil, S. (2012). Postproduction processing of electrospun fibres for tissue engineering. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/4172"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(02)00362-2","article-title":"The effect of gamma radiation on molecular stability and mechanical properties of biodegradable polyurethanes for medical applications","volume":"79","author":"Gorna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.23072","article-title":"Gamma Irradiation of Electrospun Poly (e-caprolactone) Fibers Affects Material Properties but Not Cell Response","volume":"50","author":"Bosworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.05.099","article-title":"Production, sterilisation and storage of biodegradable electrospun PLGA membranes for delivery of limbal stem cells to the cornea","volume":"59","author":"Sefat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2014.977900","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of gamma irradiation on the materials properties and cell proliferation of electrospun polycaprolactone tissue engineering scaffolds","volume":"64","author":"Augustine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adrovic, F. (2012). Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation. Gamma Radiation, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/2054"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-019-6245-7","article-title":"Impact of sterilization by electron beam, gamma radiation and X-rays on electrospun poly-(\u03b5-caprolactone) fi ber mats","volume":"30","author":"Lena","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.06.007","article-title":"Acta Biomaterialia Effect of electron beam irradiation on the structure and properties of electrospun PLLA and PLLA\/PDLA blend nanofibers","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schindelin, J., Arganda-carreras, I., Frise, E., Kaynig, V., Longair, M., Pietzsch, T., Preibisch, S., Rueden, C., Saalfeld, S., and Schmid, B. (2019). Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat. Methods, 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"ASTM International (2010). ASTM D638-10, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2020, October 26). MatWeb: Online Materials Information Resource. Available online: http:\/\/www.matweb.com\/search\/datasheet.aspx?matguid=7c9858f90b2843ff8894d7a18ca40415&n=1&ckck=1."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/21\/8092\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:26:44Z","timestamp":1760178404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/21\/8092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21218092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21218092","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]}}}