{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T09:11:25Z","timestamp":1793524285403,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arthritis has a high prevalence globally and includes over 100 types, the most common of which are rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory arthritis. All types of arthritis share common features of disease, including monocyte infiltration, inflammation, synovial swelling, pannus formation, stiffness in the joints and articular cartilage destruction. The exact etiology of arthritis remains unclear, and no cure exists as of yet. Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs and corticosteroids) are commonly used in the treatment of arthritis. However, these drugs are associated with significant side effects, such as gastric bleeding and an increased risk for heart attack and other cardiovascular problems. It is therefore crucial that we continue to research the pathogenesis of arthritis and seek to discover novel modes of therapy. This editorial summarizes and discusses the themes of the 27 articles published in our Special Issue \u201cResearch of Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics in Arthritis 2.0\u201d, a continuation of our 2019 Special Issue \u201cResearch of Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics in Arthritis\u201d. These Special Issues detail important novel research discoveries that contribute to our current understanding of arthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T09:29:32Z","timestamp":1604050172000},"page":"8125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Research of Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics in Arthritis 2.0"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7113-8352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Hsin","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kmiolek, T., Rzeszotarska, E., Wajda, A., Walczuk, E., Kuca-Warnawin, E., Romanowska-Prochnicka, K., Stypinska, B., Majewski, D., Jagodzinski, P.P., and Pawlik, A. (2020). The interplay between transcriptional factors and micrornas as an important factor for th17\/treg balance in ra patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197169"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monserrat Sanz, J., Bohorquez, C., Gomez, A.M., Movasat, A., Perez, A., Ruiz, L., Diaz, D., Sanchez, A.I., Albarran, F., and Sanz, I. (2020). Methrotexate treatment inmunomodulates abnormal cytokine expression by t cd4 lymphocytes present in dmard-naive rheumatoid arthritis patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186847"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucchino, B., Di Paolo, M., Gioia, C., Vomero, M., Diacinti, D., Mollica, C., Alessandri, C., Diacinti, D., Palange, P., and Di Franco, M. (2020). Identification of subclinical lung involvement in acpa-positive subjects through functional assessment and serum biomarkers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145162"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujii, Y., Inoue, H., Arai, Y., Shimomura, S., Nakagawa, S., Kishida, T., Tsuchida, S., Kamada, Y., Kaihara, K., and Shirai, T. (2019). Treadmill running in established phase arthritis inhibits joint destruction in rat rheumatoid arthritis models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205100"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S.H., Ho, J.C., Li, S.C., Cheng, Y.W., Yang, Y.C., Chen, J.F., Hsu, C.Y., Nakano, T., Wang, F.S., and Yang, M.Y. (2020). Upregulation of mir-941 in circulating cd14+ monocytes enhances osteoclast activation via wnt16 inhibition in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124301"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sebastian, A., Murugesh, D.K., Mendez, M.E., Hum, N.R., Rios-Arce, N.D., McCool, J.L., Christiansen, B.A., and Loots, G.G. (2020). Global gene expression analysis identifies age-related differences in knee joint transcriptome during the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010364"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akagi, T., Mukai, T., Mito, T., Kawahara, K., Tsuji, S., Fujita, S., Uchida, H.A., and Morita, Y. (2020). Effect of angiotensin ii on bone erosion and systemic bone loss in mice with tumor necrosis factor-mediated arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114145"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, J.H., Silva, A.M., Almeida, M.I., Bessa-Goncalves, M., Cunha, C., Barbosa, M.A., and Santos, S.G. (2019). The systemic immune response to collagen-induced arthritis and the impact of bone injury in inflammatory conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215436"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanfar, E., Olasz, K., Gabris, F., Gajdocsi, E., Botz, B., Kiss, T., Kugyelka, R., Berki, T., Balogh, P., and Boldizsar, F. (2020). Ameliorated autoimmune arthritis and impaired b cell receptor-mediated ca(2+) influx in nkx2-3 knock-out mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176162"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., and Zheng, Z. (2020). Identification of novel targets of knee osteoarthritis shared by cartilage and synovial tissue. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176033"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belluzzi, E., Macchi, V., Fontanella, C.G., Carniel, E.L., Olivotto, E., Filardo, G., Sarasin, G., Porzionato, A., Granzotto, M., and Pozzuoli, A. (2020). Infrapatellar fat pad gene expression and protein production in patients with and without osteoarthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176016"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groma, V., Tarasovs, M., Skuja, S., Semenistaja, S., Nora-Krukle, Z., Svirskis, S., and Murovska, M. (2020). Inflammatory cytokine-producing cells and inflammation markers in the synovium of osteoarthritis patients evidenced in human herpesvirus 7 infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176004"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.K., Chen, P.K., Lan, J.L., Chang, S.H., Hsieh, T.Y., Liao, P.J., Chen, C.H., and Chen, D.Y. (2020). Association of electronegative ldl with macrophage foam cell formation and cd11c expression in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165883"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahnlein, J.S., Nadafi, R., Jong, T.A., Semmelink, J.F., Remmerswaal, E.B.M., Safy, M., Lienden, K.P.V., Maas, M., Gerlag, D.M., and Tak, P.P. (2020). Human lymph node stromal cells have the machinery to regulate peripheral tolerance during health and rheumatoid arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165713"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H.C., Tung, C.H., Huang, K.Y., Huang, H.B., and Lu, M.C. (2020). The essential role of peptidylarginine deiminases 2 for cytokines secretion, apoptosis, and cell adhesion in macrophage. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165720"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou, H.C., Chen, C.H., Chou, L.Y., Cheng, T.L., Kang, L., Chuang, S.C., Lin, Y.S., Ho, M.L., Wang, Y.H., and Lin, S.Y. (2020). Discoidin domain receptors 1 inhibition alleviates osteoarthritis via enhancing autophagy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21196991"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendez, M.E., Murugesh, D.K., Sebastian, A., Hum, N.R., McCloy, S.A., Kuhn, E.A., Christiansen, B.A., and Loots, G.G. (2020). Antibiotic treatment prior to injury improves post-traumatic osteoarthritis outcomes in mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176424"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirata, H., Ueda, S., Ichiseki, T., Shimasaki, M., Ueda, Y., Kaneuji, A., and Kawahara, N. (2020). Taurine inhibits glucocorticoid-induced bone mitochondrial injury, preventing osteonecrosis in rabbits and cultured osteocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186892"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ailioaie, L.M., and Litscher, G. (2020). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of arthritis in children and adults: New perspectives on applied photobiomodulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186565"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krajewska-Wlodarczyk, M., Owczarczyk-Saczonek, A., Zuber, Z., Wojtkiewicz, M., and Wojtkiewicz, J. (2019). Role of microparticles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory joint diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215453"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsukazaki, H., and Kaito, T. (2020). The role of the il-23\/il-17 pathway in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176401"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, J.I., Park, I.Y., and Kim, H.A. (2020). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of arthritis pain using animal models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020533"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotyla, P.J., Islam, M.A., and Engelmann, M. (2020). Clinical aspects of janus kinase (jak) inhibitors in the cardiovascular system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197390"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikhaylenko, D.S., Nemtsova, M.V., Bure, I.V., Kuznetsova, E.B., Alekseeva, E.A., Tarasov, V.V., Lukashev, A.N., Beloukhova, M.I., Deviatkin, A.A., and Zamyatnin, A.A. (2020). Genetic polymorphisms associated with rheumatoid arthritis development and antirheumatic therapy response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144911"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacDonald, I.J., Huang, C.C., Liu, S.C., and Tang, C.H. (2020). Reconsidering the role of melatonin in rheumatoid arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082877"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanikella, A.S., Hardy, M.J., Frahs, S.M., Cormier, A.G., Gibbons, K.D., Fitzpatrick, C.K., and Oxford, J.T. (2020). Emerging gene-editing modalities for osteoarthritis. Int. J. Mol. 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Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225552"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/21\/8125\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:27:08Z","timestamp":1760178428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/21\/8125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21218125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21218125","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]}}}