{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:43:16Z","timestamp":1761129796533,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006221","name":"United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"REPRODUCTION HUB, Faculty of Health Sciences, BGU","award":["11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spermatogenesis is the process of spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) proliferation and differentiation to generate sperm. This process is regulated by cell\u2013cell interactions between Sertoli cells and developing SSCs by autocrine\/paracrine and endocrine factors. It is also affected by cells in the interstitial compartment, such as Leydig cells and peritubular cells. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, the presence of interleukin-34 (IL-34) in Leydig, Sertoli, and peritubular cells and in the premeiotic, meiotic, and postmeiotic cells. Its receptor, colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), has already been demonstrated in Leydig, Sertoli, premeiotic, and meiotic cells. IL-34 was detected in testicular homogenates and Sertoli cell-conditioned media, and was affected by mouse age. We showed that the addition of IL-34 in vitro to isolated cells from the seminiferous tubules of 7-day-old mice, using the methylcellulose culture system (MCS), increased the percentages and expression of the premeiotic cells (VASA), the meiotic cells (BOULE), and the meiotic\/postmeiotic cells (ACROSIN) after four weeks of culture, when examined by immunofluorescence staining (IF) and qPCR analysis. It is possible to suggest that IL-34 is a novel paracrine\/autocrine factor involved in the development of spermatogenesis. This factor may be used in future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of male infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T21:34:47Z","timestamp":1604093687000},"page":"8143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Interleukin-34, a Novel Paracrine\/Autocrine Factor in Mouse Testis, and Its Possible Role in the Development of Spermatogonial Cells In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Alaa","family":"Sawaied","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel"},{"name":"The Center of Advanced Research and Education in Reproduction (CARER), Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eitan","family":"Lunenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center of Advanced Research and Education in Reproduction (CARER), Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel"},{"name":"Department of OB\/GYN, Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Huleihel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel"},{"name":"The Center of Advanced Research and Education in Reproduction (CARER), Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Regulation of spermatogenesis by paracrine\/autocrine testicular factors","volume":"6","author":"Huleihel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asian J. 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