{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:26:01Z","timestamp":1789014361293,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UHK","award":["VT2019-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VT2019-2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>New psychoactive substances are being used as drugs and appear to be quite popular nowadays. Thanks to their specific properties, these drugs create inimitable experiences for intoxicated people. Synthetic cathinones are the most common compounds in these new drugs. Among them, \u03b1-pyrrolidopentadione (\u03b1-PVP), or \u201cFlakka\u201d (street name), is one of the most famous cathinone-designed drugs. Similar to other synthetic cathinone drugs, \u03b1-PVP can effectively inhibit norepinephrine and dopamine transmitters. The adverse reactions of \u03b1-PVP mainly include mania, tachycardia, and hallucinations. An increasing number of people are being admitted to emergency wards due to the consequences of their use. This work mainly summarizes the history, synthesis, pharmacology, toxicology, structure\u2013activity relationship, metabolism, clinical process and health risks, poisoning and death, forensic toxicology, and legal status of \u03b1-PVP. We hope this review will help bring more attention to the exploration of this substance in order to raise awareness of its negative impacts on humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1604180396000},"page":"8185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Flakka: New Dangerous Synthetic Cathinone on the Drug Scene"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jiri","family":"Patocka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingshu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2528-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenda","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8000-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanka","family":"Klimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology of the Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Valis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology of the Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenie","family":"Nepovimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9664-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Kuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Baumann, M.H. (2016). The changing face of recreational drug use, Cerebrum: The Dana Forum on Brain Science."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.03.006","article-title":"Online test purchased new psychoactive substances in 5 different European countries: A snapshot study of chemical composition and price","volume":"44","author":"Brunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2013.803942","article-title":"A review of \u201cbath salts\u201d: Evolving designer drugs of abuse","volume":"24","author":"Airuehia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child Adoles. Subst."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"353","article-title":"Clinical toxicology and management of intoxications with synthetic cathinones (\u201cbath salts\u201d)","volume":"26","author":"Visser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"111","article-title":"Madness with five dollars: Two new cases of non-lethal poisoning flakka (\u03b1-PVP)","volume":"29","author":"Brault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Anal. Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0196-9","article-title":"Death following recreational use of designer drug \u201cbath salts\u201d containing 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)","volume":"8","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12202","article-title":"Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (\u201cbath salts\u201d), related death: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"58","author":"Kesha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-017-9894-1","article-title":"A case of fatal idiosyncratic reaction to the designer drug 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Desharnais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02693-7","article-title":"Mechanism of action Designer drugsand adverse effects","volume":"94","author":"Luethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"268","article-title":"Synthetic cathinones related fatalities: An update","volume":"22","author":"Zaami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03130.x","article-title":"Mephedrone, new kid for the chop?","volume":"106","author":"Winstock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420118-7.00015-9","article-title":"Bath salts, mephedrone, and methylenedioxypyrovalerone as emerging illicit drugs that will need targeted therapeutic intervention","volume":"69","author":"Glennon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2010.05.065","article-title":"An analysis of the \u2018legal high\u2019 mephedrone","volume":"20","author":"Gibbons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.590812","article-title":"Clinical experience with and analytical confirmation of \u201cbath salts\u201d and \u201clegal highs\u201d (synthetic cathinones) in the United States","volume":"49","author":"Spiller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1Q628","article-title":"Synthetic cathinones (bath salts): Legal status and patterns of abuse","volume":"46","author":"Fass","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0193-z","article-title":"The toxicology of bath salts: A review of synthetic cathinones","volume":"8","author":"Prosser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.635149","article-title":"2010 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers\u2019 National Poison Data System (NPDS): 28th Annual Report","volume":"49","author":"Bronstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1388087","article-title":"2016 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers\u2019 National Poison Data System (NPDS): 34th Annual Report","volume":"55","author":"Gummin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.096636","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of mephedrone toxicity reported to the U.K. National Poisons Information Service","volume":"28","author":"James","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"EMCDDA. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addicion (2015, September 01). EMCDDA-Europol Joint Report on a New Psychoactive Substance: 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (\u03b1-PVP). Available online: http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/joint-reports\/alpha-pvp_en."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"140","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids and \u201cSpice Drugs\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Patocka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatrie"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.32725\/kont.2012.039","article-title":"New synthetic cannabinoids are coming to the drug scene","volume":"14","author":"Patocka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kontakt"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.07.023","article-title":"Bath salts and synthetic cathinones: An emerging designer drug phenomenon","volume":"97","author":"German","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00474.x","article-title":"Potent rewarding and reinforcing effects of the synthetic cathinone 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)","volume":"19","author":"Watterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666141210224137","article-title":"Synthetic cathinones: A new public health problem","volume":"13","author":"Karila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00156","article-title":"Synthetic cathinone and cannabinoid designer drugs pose a major risk for public health","volume":"8","author":"Weinstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210500353020","article-title":"Khat (Catha edulis)\u2014An updated review","volume":"10","author":"Skaug","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1571","article-title":"New designer drug a-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP): Studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic\/mass spectrometric techniques","volume":"44","author":"Sauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks136","article-title":"Analysis of synthetic cathinones commonly found in bath salts in human performance and postmortem toxicology: Method development, drug distribution and interpretation of results","volume":"37","author":"Marinetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"DiSalvo, D. (2015, April 15). The Backstory You Really Need to Know about Flakka and Other Synthetic Drugs. Forbes Magazine, Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/daviddisalvo\/2015\/04\/15\/the-backstory-you-really-need-to-know-about-flakka-and-other-synthetic-drugs\/#369ec24a4a4d."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"3460849","article-title":"Flakka-induced prolonged psychosis","volume":"2016","author":"Crespi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"6","article-title":"FLAKKA: Una nueva droga psicoactiva en Espa\u00f1a","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista. Patol. Dual."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EEM.0000473176.23346.fc","article-title":"Toxicology rounds: Flakka: Illicit drug triggering bizarre behavior","volume":"37","author":"Gussow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. News."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2016.1190979","article-title":"Toxicity evaluation of \u03b1-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (\u03b1-PVP): Results from intoxication cases within the STRIDA project","volume":"54","author":"Beck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-015-0298-1","article-title":"\u03b1-PVP (\u201cflakka\u201d): A new synthetic cathinone invades the drug arena","volume":"34","author":"Katselou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"33","article-title":"The characterization of a-pyrrolidinopentiophenone","volume":"9","author":"Casale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microgram. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-013-0202-9","article-title":"Metabolism of the newly encountered designer drug a-pyrrolidinovalerophenone in humans: Identification and quantitation of urinary metabolites","volume":"32","author":"Shima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1107\/S2053229615023621","article-title":"The dangerous new synthetic drug \u03b1-PVP as the hydrated chloride salt \u03b1-pyrrolidinopentiophenone hydrochloride 0.786-hydrate","volume":"72","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. C Struct. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.04.003","article-title":"The novel recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a potent psychomotor stimulant: Self-administration and locomotor activity in rats","volume":"71","author":"Aarde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.12.012","article-title":"Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive substances: Para-halogenated amphetamines and pyrovalerone cathinones","volume":"25","author":"Rickli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro","volume":"168","author":"Simmler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050797a","article-title":"1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (pyrovalerone) analogs: A promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors","volume":"49","author":"Meltzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2019.02.001","article-title":"When fish take a bath: Psychopharmacological characterization of the effects of a synthetic cathinone bath salt \u2018flakka\u2019 on adult zebrafish","volume":"73","author":"Kolesnikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.002","article-title":"Discriminative-stimulus effects of second generation synthetic cathinones in methamphetamine-trained rats","volume":"149","author":"Naylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.39.1","article-title":"New recreational drug 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (alpha-PVP) activates central nervous system via dopaminergic neuron","volume":"39","author":"Kaizaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.02.016","article-title":"Pharmacology of novel synthetic stimulants structurally related to the \u201cbath salts\u201d constituent 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)","volume":"87","author":"Marusich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.115.223586","article-title":"Comparative behavioral pharmacology of three pyrrolidine-containing synthetic cathinone derivatives","volume":"354","author":"Gatch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0209-3","article-title":"The abuse-related effects of pyrrolidine-containing cathinones are related to their potency and selectivity to inhibit the dopamine transporter","volume":"43","author":"Gannon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05339-4","article-title":"Self-administration of the synthetic cathinones 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and \u03b1-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (\u03b1-PVP) in rhesus monkeys","volume":"236","author":"Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Luethi, D., Sanvee, G.M., Bouitbir, J., Liechti, M.E., and Kr\u00e4henb\u00fchl, S. (2019). Molecular Toxicological Mechanisms of Synthetic Cathinones on C2C12 Myoblasts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071561"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00525","article-title":"DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: \u03b1-Pyrrolidinovalerophenone (\u201cFlakka\u201d)","volume":"10","author":"Kolesnikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00160","article-title":"Structural modification of the designer stimulant \u03b1-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (\u03b1-PVP) influences potency at dopamine transporters","volume":"6","author":"Kolanos","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5070-x","article-title":"Stereoselective effects of the second-generation synthetic cathinone \u03b1-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (\u03b1-PVP): Assessments of conditioned taste avoidance in rats","volume":"236","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schindler, C.W., Thorndike, E.B., Walters, H.M., Walther, D., Rice, K.C., and Baumann, M.H. (2019). Stereoselective neurochemical, behavioral, and cardiovascular effects of \u03b1-pyrrolidinovalerophenone enantiomers in male rats. Addict. Biol., e12842.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12842"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"World Anti-Doping Agency (2016, January 01). List of Prohibited Substances and Methods. Cathinone and Its Analogues (e.g., Mephedrone, Methedrone, \u03b1-pyrrolidinovalerophenone). Available online: http:\/\/list.wada-ama.org\/list\/s6-stimulants\/cathinone-and-its-analogues-e-g-mephedrone-methedrone-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinovalerophenone\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Pragst, F., and Aderjan, R. (2008). Studies on the metabolism and toxicological analysis of the new designer drug a-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP) in rat urine using GC-MS techniques. Current Contributions to Forensic and Clinical Toxicology, GTFCH."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8763-6","article-title":"In vitro Phase I and Phase II metabolism of a-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (\u03b1-PVP), methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and methedrone by human liver microsomes and human liver cytosol","volume":"407","author":"Negreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-014-0227-8","article-title":"Postmortem distribution of a-pyrrolidinovalerophenone and its metabolite in body fluids and solid tissues in a fatal poisoning case measured by LC-MS-MS with the standard addition method","volume":"32","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2013.11.104","article-title":"Synthetic cathinones (\u201cbath salts\u201d)","volume":"46","author":"Banks","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.05.015","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of methamphetamine and alpha-PVP vapor and injection","volume":"55","author":"Marusich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2512","article-title":"New psychoactive substances as part of polydrug abuse within opioid maintenance treatment revealed by comprehensive high-resolution mass spectrometric urine drug screening","volume":"31","author":"Heikman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.014","article-title":"\u201cFlakka\u201d use among high school seniors in the United States","volume":"196","author":"Palamar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.01.003","article-title":"Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2012","volume":"248","author":"Edvardsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-018-0668-2","article-title":"Acute intoxications involving \u03b1-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (\u03b1-PBP): Results from the Swedish STRIDA Project","volume":"14","author":"Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"EMCDDA. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addicion (2014). EMCDDA\u2013Europol Joint Report on a New Psychoactive Substance: MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone), EMCDDA. In Accordance with Article 5 of Council Decision 2005\/387\/JHA on the Information Exchange, Risk Assessment and Control of New Psychoactive Substances."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"521","article-title":"Deaths involving the recreational use of \u03b1-PVP (\u03b1-pyrrolidinopentiophenone)","volume":"16","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"AAFS Proc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-013-0183-8","article-title":"SPME-GC-MS analysis of a-pyrrolidinovalerophenone in blood in a fatal poisoning case","volume":"31","author":"Saito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.12.262","article-title":"Sudden death after sustained restraint following self administration of the designer drug a-pyrrolidinovalerophenone","volume":"172","author":"Nagai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-013-0212-7","article-title":"MALDITOF mass spectrometric determination of four pyrrolidino cathinones in human blood","volume":"32","author":"Minakata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Drugs.com New Synthetic Drug \u2018Flakka\u2019 Triggers Crazed Behaviors. Available online: http:\/\/www.drugs.com\/news\/new-synthetic-flakka-triggers-crazed-behaviors-56432.html."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Robles, F. (2015, May 24). Police in Florida Grapple with a Cheap and Dangerous New Drug. New York Times, Available online: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/05\/25\/us\/police-in-florida-grapple-with-flakka-a-cheap-anddangerous-new-drug.html?_r=0."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw029","article-title":"Twenty-one cases involving alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (\u03b1-PVP)","volume":"40","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"601","article-title":"Death due to intravenous use of \u03b1-pyrrolidinopentiophenone","volume":"201","author":"Sellors","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv011","article-title":"A fatal case of pentedrone and \u03b1-pyrrolidinovalerophenone poisoning","volume":"39","author":"Sykutera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13326","article-title":"Fatal Intoxication with \u03b1-PVP, a Synthetic Cathinone Derivative","volume":"62","author":"Janus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-020-00236-1","article-title":"Fatal \u03b1-PVP and amphetamine poisoning during a sauna and autoerotic practices","volume":"16","author":"Lunetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice (2014). Schedules of controlled substances: Temporary placement of 10 synthetic cathinones into Schedule I. Final order. Fed. Regist., 79, 12938\u201312943."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice (2016). Schedules of Controlled Substances: Extension of Temporary Placement of 10 Synthetic Cathinones in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. Final order. Fed. Regist., 81, 11429\u201311431."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice (2017). Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of 10 Synthetic Cathinones into Schedule I. Final rule. Fed. Regist., 82, 12171\u201312177."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"China Food and Drug Administration (2016). Measures for the Listing of Non-medicinal Narcotics and Psychotropic Drugs. China Pharm. Inform., 4, 189\u2013190. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2016, June 22). Poisons Standard July 2016, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.au\/Details\/F2016L01071."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/21\/8185\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:27:50Z","timestamp":1760178470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/21\/8185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21218185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21218185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]}}}