{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:02:06Z","timestamp":1791172926696,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007819","name":"Allergan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.A."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.A."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) constitutes a prevalent, chronic, and progressive retinal degenerative disease of the macula that affects elderly people and cause central vision impairment. Despite therapeutic advances in the management of neovascular AMD, none of the currently used treatments cures the disease or reverses its course. Medical treatment of neovascular AMD experienced a significant advance due to the introduction of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGF), which dramatically changed the prognosis of the disease. However, although anti-VEGF therapy has become the standard treatment for neovascular AMD, many patients do not respond adequately to this therapy or experience a slow loss of efficacy of anti-VEGF agents after repeated administration. Additionally, current treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF agents is associated with a significant treatment burden for patients, caregivers, and physicians. New approaches have been proposed for treating neovascular AMD. Among them, designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) seem to be as effective as monthly ranibizumab, but with greater durability, which may enhance patient compliance with needed injections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T20:00:29Z","timestamp":1604433629000},"page":"8242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Therapeutic Management and New-Upcoming Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4224-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Ricci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3238-9682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bandello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita Salute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Navarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Catholic University, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Staurenghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Eye Clinic Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Stumpp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Partners AG\u2014Wagistrasse, 14 8952 Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7811-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zarbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1264","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"33","author":"Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacother. 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