{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T06:09:18Z","timestamp":1760854158769,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107-2314-B-006-018-, 107-2320-B-006-019-, 108-2320-B-006-023-, 109-2314-B-006 -034 -MY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2314-B-006-018-, 107-2320-B-006-019-, 108-2320-B-006-023-, 109-2314-B-006 -034 -MY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004844","name":"National Cheng Kung University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20180254, 20190160, NCKUH-10709001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180254, 20190160, NCKUH-10709001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007750","name":"National Cheng Kung University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D106-35A13 and D107-F2519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D106-35A13 and D107-F2519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007750","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>OD-1, a scorpion toxin, has been previously recognized as an activator of voltage-gated Na+ currents. To what extent this agent can alter hippocampal neuronal Na+ currents and network excitability and how it can be applied to neuronal hyperexcitability research remains unclear. With the aid of patch-clamp technology, it was revealed that, in mHippoE-14 hippocampal neurons, OD-1 produced a concentration-, time-, and state-dependent rise in the peak amplitude of INa. It shifted the INa inactivation curve to a less negative potential and increased the frequency of spontaneous action currents. Further characterization of neuronal excitability revealed higher excitability in the hippocampal slices treated with OD-1 as compared with the control slices. A stereotaxic intrahippocampal injection of OD-1 generated a significantly higher frequency of spontaneous seizures and epileptiform discharges compared with intraperitoneal injection of lithium-pilocarpine- or kainic acid-induced epilepsy, with comparable pathological changes. Carbamazepine significantly attenuated OD-1 induced seizures and epileptiform discharges. The OD-1-mediated modifications of INa altered the electrical activity of neurons in vivo and OD-1 could potentially serve as a novel seizure and excitotoxicity model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T10:32:36Z","timestamp":1604485956000},"page":"8254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Specific Effects of OD-1, a Peptide Activator, on Voltage-Gated Sodium Current and Seizure Susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ming-Chi","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5208-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Nan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3335-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.06.052","article-title":"OD1, the first toxin isolated from the venom of the scorpion Odonthobuthus doriae active on voltage-gated Na+ channels","volume":"579","author":"Jalali","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.022970","article-title":"Potent modulation of the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 by OD1, a toxin from the scorpion Odonthobuthus doriae","volume":"70","author":"Maertens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. 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