{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:12:20Z","timestamp":1792098740279,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]],"date-time":"2020-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liver disease encompasses pathologies as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcohol liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, viral hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Nowadays, underlying mechanisms associating gut permeability and liver disease development are not well understood, although evidence points to the involvement of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites. Animal studies have shown alterations in Toll-like receptor signaling related to the leaky gut syndrome by the action of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In humans, modifications of the intestinal microbiota in intestinal permeability have also been related to liver disease. Some of these changes were observed in bacterial species belonging Roseburia, Streptococcus, and Rothia. Currently, numerous strategies to treat liver disease are being assessed. This review summarizes and discusses studies addressed to determine mechanisms associated with the microbiota able to alter the intestinal barrier complementing the progress and advancement of liver disease, as well as the main strategies under development to manage these pathologies. We highlight those approaches that have shown improvement in intestinal microbiota and barrier function, namely lifestyle changes (diet and physical activity) and probiotics intervention. Nevertheless, knowledge about how such modifications are beneficial is still limited and specific mechanisms involved are not clear. Thus, further in-vitro, animal, and human studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,8]],"date-time":"2020-11-08T19:03:37Z","timestamp":1604862217000},"page":"8351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["The Gut Barrier, Intestinal Microbiota, and Liver Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Strategies to Manage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-9408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Plaza-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2493-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"Sol\u00eds-Urra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2531015, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4999-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2374631, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7186-3941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Olivares-Arancibia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2374631, Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Pedagog\u00eda en Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Santiago 8370035, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8745-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Navarro-Oliveros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0995-2572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Abad\u00eda-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s\/n. 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, School of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8476-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s\/n. 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0011-z","article-title":"The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Tripathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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