{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:50:57Z","timestamp":1783529457705,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stage pT1 bladder cancer (BC) shows highly diverse outcomes. Predictive markers are required to stratify patients for personalized treatment. The present study aimed to validate immune response quantification as a prognostic marker. Patients with pT1 BC (n = 167) treated by transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) were enrolled. Formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded material was stained for CD3 and CD8. Corresponding T cells were counted in three regions with the highest immune response. Numbers of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) and lymphocyte aggregates (LA) were quantified. High CD3+ stroma T-cell infiltration was associated with improved survival (p = 0.045), especially in the G3 subgroup (p = 0.01). Cluster with higher immune response showed less recurrence (p = 0.034) and favorable overall survival (OS) (p = 0.019). In contrast, higher CD3+ and CD8+ tumor T-cell infiltration seemed to have a negative impact on prognosis. TLS and LA were more frequently observed in G3 tumors, indicating an increased anti-tumoral immune response. We proved the role of immune cell infiltration and showed that higher infiltration numbers of CD3+ (not CD8+) lymphocytes in the stroma are associated with favorable outcome. Immune cell quantification could be used as a marker to help stratify patients\u2019 risk and therefore, to optimize patients\u2019 management and follow-up examination as well as possible therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T19:08:29Z","timestamp":1604948909000},"page":"8407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["High Stroma T-Cell Infiltration is Associated with Better Survival in Stage pT1 Bladder Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sabine","family":"H\u00fclsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Lippolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4011-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvia","family":"Ferrazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Department of Urology, Regensburg University, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8040-3226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luitpold","family":"Distel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Fietkau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Denzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Department of Urology, Regensburg University, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Breyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caritas St. Josef 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Ebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4860-4626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arndt","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol-I.","family":"Geppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, 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