{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:57:41Z","timestamp":1791075461105,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting areas with a high density of apocrine glands and characterized by subcutaneous nodules that may evolve into fistulas with pus secretion. Methods: The aim of this review is to investigate all current knowledge on cytokine regulation in the pathogenesis of HS. A systematic literature research using the words \u201ccytokine\u201d, \u201cinterleukin\u201d, \u201cpathway\u201d, and \u201chidradenitis suppurativa\u201d was performed in PubMed\/Medline and Scopus\/Embase databases. A search of the clinicaltrials.gov website for interventional recruiting and completed trials including the term \u201chidradenitis suppurativa\u201d was also performed up to August 2020. We will discuss the pathogenetic role of various cytokines in HS and potential therapeutic targets for this debilitating disease. Results: The pathophysiology underlying this complex condition has not been clearly defined. An upregulation of various cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-17, IL-23, and other molecules seems to be related to this inflammatory condition. Various cells, such as lymphocytes T Helper 1 and 17 and keratinocytes seem to be involved in the genesis of this condition. Conclusions: Several future studies and clinical trials are necessary in order to have new knowledge about HS and to properly treat this complex condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1605017441000},"page":"8436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Cytokine Pathways and Investigational Target Therapies in Hidradenitis Suppurativa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Del Duca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5847-7712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0434-1027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Bennardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4691-9381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosimo","family":"Di Raimondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven Paul","family":"Nistic\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.090","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis","volume":"82","author":"Goldburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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