{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:13:54Z","timestamp":1789398834969,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using metagenomics, continuing evidence has elicited how intestinal microbiota trigger distant autoimmunity. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the ocular surface, with frequently unmet therapeutic needs requiring new interventions for dry eye management. Current studies also suggest the possible relation of autoimmune dry eye with gut microbiota. Herein, we review the current knowledge of how the gut microbiota interact with the immune system in homeostasis as well as its influence on rheumatic and ocular autoimmune diseases, and compare their characteristics with SS. Both rodent and human studies regarding gut microbiota in SS and environmental dry eye are explored, and the effects of prebiotics and probiotics on dry eye are discussed. Recent clinical studies have commonly observed a correlation between gut dysbiosis and clinical manifestations of SS, while environmental dry eye portrays characteristics in between normal and autoimmune. Moreover, a decrease in both the Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio and genus Faecalibacterium have most commonly been observed in SS subjects. The presumable pathways forming the \u201cgut dysbiosis\u2013ocular surface\u2013lacrimal gland axis\u201d are introduced. This review may provide perspectives into the link between the gut microbiome and dry eye, enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis in autoimmune dry eye, and be useful in the development of future interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1605017441000},"page":"8443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Can Gut Microbiota Affect Dry Eye Syndrome?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jayoon","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03082, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2203-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang Ho","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03082, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9916-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Hyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03082, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si 14068, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-6894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mee Kum","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"},{"name":"Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 03082, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124234","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome","volume":"312","author":"Gill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.096651.109","article-title":"The NIH Human Microbiome Project","volume":"19","author":"Peterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"641","article-title":"The Integrative Human Microbiome Project","volume":"569","author":"Integrative","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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