{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:03:32Z","timestamp":1790499812301,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNRS-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNRS-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dopaminergic medication for Parkinson\u2019s disease is associated with troubling dystonia and dyskinesia and, in rodents, dopaminergic agonists likewise induce a variety of orofacial motor responses, certain of which are mimicked by serotonin2C (5-HT2C) receptor agonists. However, the neural substrates underlying these communalities and their interrelationship remain unclear. In Sprague-Dawley rats, the dopaminergic agonist, apomorphine (0.03\u20130.3 mg\/kg) and the preferential D2\/3 receptor agonist quinpirole (0.2\u20130.5 mg\/kg), induced purposeless oral movements (chewing, jaw tremor, tongue darting). The 5-HT2C receptor antagonist 5-methyl-1-[[2-[(2-methyl-3-pyridyl)oxyl]-5-pyridyl]carbamoyl]-6-trifluoromethylindone (SB 243213) (1 mg\/kg) reduced the oral responses elicited by specific doses of both agonists (0.1 mg\/kg apomorphine; 0.5 mg\/kg quinpirole). After having confirmed that the oral bouts induced by quinpirole 0.5 mg\/kg were blocked by another 5-HT2C antagonist (6-chloro-5-methyl-1-[6-(2-methylpiridin-3-yloxy)pyridine-3-yl carbamoyl] indoline (SB 242084), 1 mg\/kg), we mapped the changes in neuronal activity in numerous sub-territories of the basal ganglia using c-Fos expression. We found a marked increase of c-Fos expression in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in combining quinpirole (0.5 mg\/kg) with either SB 243213 or SB 242084. In a parallel set of electrophysiological experiments, the same combination of SB 243213\/quinpirole produced an irregular pattern of discharge and an increase in the firing rate of STN neurons. Finally, it was shown that upon the electrical stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex, quinpirole (0.5 mg\/kg) increased the response of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons corresponding to activation of the \u201chyperdirect\u201d (cortico-subthalamonigral) pathway. This effect of quinpirole was abolished by the two 5-HT2C antagonists. Collectively, these results suggest that induction of orofacial motor responses by D2\/3 receptor stimulation involves 5-HT2C receptor-mediated activation of the STN by recruitment of the hyperdirect (cortico-subthalamonigral) pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T10:00:32Z","timestamp":1605175232000},"page":"8509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Subset of Purposeless Oral Movements Triggered by Dopaminergic Agonists Is Modulated by 5-HT2C Receptors in Rats: Implication of the Subthalamic Nucleus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Lagi\u00e8re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue L\u00e9o Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France"},{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Bosc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue L\u00e9o Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France"},{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Whitestone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue L\u00e9o Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2282-1120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhamid","family":"Benazzouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2875-2453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdeslam","family":"Chagraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, CHU Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Millan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Servier, Center for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Croissy\/Seine, 78290 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1226-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"De Deurwaerd\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue L\u00e9o Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)80020-3","article-title":"The functional anatomy of disorders of the basal ganglia","volume":"18","author":"Albin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S237","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(09)70822-3","article-title":"Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Delong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"89","article-title":"Neurobiology of basal ganglia and Tourette syndrome: Basal ganglia circuits and thalamocortical outputs","volume":"99","author":"Mink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244220","article-title":"Spontaneous orofacial movements induced in rodents by very long-term neuroleptic drug administration: Phenomenology, pathophysiology and putative relationship to tardive dyskinesia","volume":"101","author":"Waddington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.07.002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of L-dopa-induced motor and non-motor complications in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"132","author":"Bastide","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(96)00042-1","article-title":"The Basal Ganglia: Focused Selection and Inhibition of Competing Motor Programs","volume":"50","author":"Mink","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.11.001","article-title":"Seven problems on the basal ganglia","volume":"18","author":"Nambu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)00328-9","article-title":"Enhanced quinpirole response in rats lesioned neonatally with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine","volume":"50","author":"Brus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Supersensitization of the oral response to SKF 38393 in neonatal 6-OHDA-lesioned rats is mediated through a serotonin system","volume":"261","author":"Gong","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(93)90211-R","article-title":"Dose-related effects of a neonatal 6-OHDA lesion on SKF 38393- and m-chlorophenylpiperazine-induced oral activity responses of rats","volume":"76","author":"Gong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427326","article-title":"Pharmacological characterisation of spontaneous or drug-associated purposeless chewing movements in rats","volume":"85","author":"Rupniak","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385198-7.00002-3","article-title":"Regulation of Orofacial Movement: Dopamine Receptor Mechanisms And Mutant Models","volume":"97","author":"Waddington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(92)90383-Q","article-title":"Supersensitized oral responses to a serotonin agonist in neonatal 6-OHDA-treated rats","volume":"41","author":"Gong","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11311020003","article-title":"Serotonin2C Receptors and the Motor Control of Oral Activity","volume":"11","author":"Navailles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3478-4","article-title":"The enhanced oral response to the 5-HT2 agonist Ro 60-0175 in parkinsonian rats involves the entopeduncular nucleus: Electrophysiological correlates","volume":"230","author":"Lagiere","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712000417","article-title":"Serotonin2C ligands exhibiting full negative and positive intrinsic activity elicit purposeless oral movements in rats: Distinct effects of agonists and inverse agonists in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Navailles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(89)90608-0","article-title":"Induction of purposeless chewing behaviour in rats by 5-HT agonist drugs","volume":"162","author":"Stewart","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(99)00073-1","article-title":"The effect of novel antipsychotics in rat oral dyskinesia","volume":"23","author":"Rosengarten","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3508-2","article-title":"Multiple controls exerted by 5-HT2C receptors upon basal ganglia function: From physiology to pathophysiology","volume":"230","author":"Lagiere","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107915","article-title":"Lorcaserin bidirectionally regulates dopaminergic function site-dependently and disrupts dopamine brain area correlations in rats","volume":"166","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(200001)35:1<53::AID-SYN7>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Preferential modulation of mesolimbic vs. nigrostriatal dopaminergic function by serotonin2C\/2B receptor agonists: A combined in vivo electrophysiological and microdialysis study","volume":"35","author":"Esposito","year":"2000","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.04.061","article-title":"Stimulation of serotonin2C receptors elicits abnormal oral movements by acting on pathways other than the sensorimotor one in the rat basal ganglia","volume":"169","author":"Beyeler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"741","article-title":"Does the Serotonin2C receptor segregate circuits of the basal ganglia responding to cingulate cortex stimulation?","volume":"24","author":"Bosc","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5170","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-13-05170.2000","article-title":"Nigrostriatal Lesions Alter Oral Dyskinesia and c-Fos Expression Induced by the Serotonin Agonist 1-(m-Chlorophenyl) piperazine in Adult Rats","volume":"20","author":"Chesselet","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00548-X","article-title":"A role for the subthalamic nucleus in 5-HT2C-induced oral dyskinesia","volume":"72","author":"Lucki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1994.1126","article-title":"Dopaminergic Stimulation of Subthalamic Nucleus Elicits Oral Dyskinesia in Rats","volume":"128","author":"Parry","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90205-4","article-title":"Excitatory amino acid receptors mediate the orofacial stereotypy elicited by dopaminergic stimulation of the ventrolateral striatum","volume":"60","author":"Kelley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245863","article-title":"Enhanced oral activity responses to intrastriatal SKF 38393 andm-CPP are attenuated by intrastriatal mianserin in neonatal 6-OHDA-lesioned rats","volume":"119","author":"Plech","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.05.007","article-title":"Purposeless oral activity induced by meta -chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP): Undefined tic-like behaviors?","volume":"292","author":"Kreiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1241-5","article-title":"Dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation of persistent behaviour in the reinforced spatial alternation model of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"200","author":"Kontis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06229.x","article-title":"Evidence for a direct subthalamo-cortical loop circuit in the rat","volume":"27","author":"Degos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00824-2","article-title":"Basal ganglia and processing of cortical information: Functional interactions between trans-striatal and trans-subthalamic circuits in the substantia nigra pars reticulata","volume":"117","author":"Kolomiets","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4674","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-11-04674.1999","article-title":"Relationships between the Prefrontal Cortex and the Basal Ganglia in the Rat: Physiology of the Cortico-Nigral Circuits","volume":"19","author":"Maurice","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00187253","article-title":"Apomorphine-induced yawning in rats is abolished by bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra","volume":"93","author":"Stoessl","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.085472","article-title":"Dopamine agonist-induced yawning in rats: A dopamine D3 receptor-mediated behavior","volume":"314","author":"Collins","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.05.002","article-title":"Dopamine agonist-induced penile erection and yawning: A comparative study in outbred Roman high- and low-avoidance rats","volume":"109","author":"Sanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14977.x","article-title":"The pharmacology and distribution of human 5-hydroxytryptamine2B (5-HT2b) receptor gene products: Comparison with 5-HT2a and 5-HT2c receptors","volume":"115","author":"Bonhaus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.01.006","article-title":"Ritualistic Chewing Behavior induced by mCPP in the rat is an animal model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder","volume":"104","author":"Kreiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01093-9","article-title":"D1 dopamine receptors influence Fos immunoreactivity in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus of intact and nigrostriatal-lesioned rats","volume":"703","author":"Ruskin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2015.11.009","article-title":"New therapeutic opportunities for 5-HT2C receptor ligands in neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"157","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(97)00038-5","article-title":"SB 242084, a Selective and Brain Penetrant 5-HT 2C Receptor Antagonist","volume":"36","author":"Kennett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(01)00054-5","article-title":"SB-243213; a selective 5-HT2C receptor inverse agonist with improved anxiolytic profile: Lack of tolerance and withdrawal anxiety","volume":"41","author":"Wood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.104448","article-title":"Differential effects of 5-methyl-1-2-(2-methyl-3-pyridyl)oxyl-5-pyridylcarbamoyl-6-trifluoro methylindone (sb 243213) on 5-hydroxytryptamine(2c) receptor-mediated responses","volume":"319","author":"Berg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0112-04.2004","article-title":"Constitutive Activity of the Serotonin2C Receptor Inhibits In Vivo Dopamine Release in the Rat Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens","volume":"24","author":"Navailles","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.12.006","article-title":"Selective blockade of serotonin2C receptor enhances Fos expression specifically in the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus within the basal ganglia","volume":"469","author":"Chesselet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.05.022","article-title":"Diverse effects of 5-HT2C receptor blocking agents on c-Fos expression in the rat basal ganglia","volume":"689","author":"Kadiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3562-9","article-title":"Role of 5-HT2C receptors in the enhancement of c-Fos expression induced by a 5-HT2B\/2C inverse agonist and 5-HT2 agonists in the rat basal ganglia","volume":"230","author":"Navailles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90181-3","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus lesions alter activity in nigrothalamic neurons in rats","volume":"34","author":"Ryan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1518-8","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition affects both the direct and indirect pathway: An electrophysiological study examining the tri-phasic response in the substantia nigra pars reticulata","volume":"223","author":"Heckman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(02)00027-5","article-title":"Functional significance of the cortico\u2013subthalamo\u2013pallidal hyperdirect pathway","volume":"43","author":"Nambu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7687","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1056-05.2005","article-title":"Neuroleptic-Induced Catalepsy: Electrophysiological Mechanisms of Functional Recovery Induced by High-Frequency Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus","volume":"25","author":"Degos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00765-9","article-title":"Effects of intrasubthalamic injection of dopamine receptor agonists on subthalamic neurons in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats: An electrophysiological and c-Fos study","volume":"92","author":"Hassani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3333-0","article-title":"Modulation of the subthalamic nucleus activity by serotonergic agents and fluoxetine administration","volume":"231","author":"Aristieta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11597-P","article-title":"5-Hydroxytryptamine increases spontaneous activity of subthalamic neurons in the rat","volume":"192","author":"Flores","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2005.09.003","article-title":"5-Hydroxytryptamine induced excitation and inhibition in the subthalamic nucleus: Action at 5-HT2C, 5-HT4 and 5-HT1A receptors","volume":"49","author":"Stanford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00561.2004","article-title":"Modulation of Spontaneous Firing in Rat Subthalamic Neurons by 5-HT Receptor Subtypes","volume":"93","author":"Xiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.12.034","article-title":"Subthalamic neurons show increased firing to 5-HT2C receptor activation in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats","volume":"1256","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.01.019","article-title":"Neurochemical impact of the 5-HT2C receptor agonist WAY-163909 on monoamine tissue content in the rat brain","volume":"124","author":"Chagraoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.01.005","article-title":"5-HT2C receptor involvement in the control of persistence in the Reinforced Spatial Alternation animal model of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"243","author":"Papakosta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"811","article-title":"The role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Klavir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2929-0","article-title":"Impulsive action in the 5-choice serial reaction time test in 5-HT2C receptor null mutant mice","volume":"226","author":"Fletcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0891-z","article-title":"Opposing effects of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonists in the rat and mouse on premature responding in the five-choice serial reaction time test","volume":"195","author":"Fletcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2919-2","article-title":"Evaluation of chemically diverse 5-HT2C receptor agonists on behaviours motivated by food and nicotine and on side effect profiles","volume":"226","author":"Higgins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.11.017","article-title":"5-HT2A\/C receptors do not mediate the attenuation of compulsive checking by mCPP in the quinpirole sensitization rat model of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD)","volume":"279","author":"Tucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3505-6","article-title":"Separate mechanisms for development and performance of compulsive checking in the quinpirole sensitization rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)","volume":"231","author":"Tucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enespoli, E., Rizzo, F., Boeckers, T., Schulze, U., and Hengerer, B. (2018). Altered dopaminergic regulation of the dorsal striatum is able to induce tic-like movements in juvenile rats. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196515"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.02.004","article-title":"Structural and functional MRI of altered brain development in a novel adolescent rat model of quinpirole-induced compulsive checking behavior","volume":"33","author":"Straathof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.10.020","article-title":"High frequency stimulation and temporary inactivation of the subthalamic nucleus reduce quinpirole-induced compulsive checking behavior in rats","volume":"210","author":"Winter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.04.019","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Insights from animal models","volume":"76","author":"Szechtman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2011.5","article-title":"Basal ganglia dysfunction in OCD: Subthalamic neuronal activity correlates with symptoms severity and predicts high-frequency stimulation efficacy","volume":"1","author":"Welter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.01.005","article-title":"Altered anatomical connections of associative and limbic cortico-basal-ganglia circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"51","author":"Haynes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(00)00476-7","article-title":"Increased m-CPP-induced oral dyskinesia after lesion of serotonergic neurons","volume":"68","author":"Mehta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Watson, C. (1998). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.10.023","article-title":"Emerging dysfunctions consequent to combined monoaminergic depletions in parkinsonism","volume":"45","author":"Delaville","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01644.x","article-title":"Effect of microiontophoretic application of dopamine on subthalamic nucleus neuronal activity in normal rats and in rats with unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway","volume":"14","author":"Ni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.10.021","article-title":"The impact of combined administration of paraquat and maneb on motor and non-motor functions in the rat","volume":"311","author":"Tinakoua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"560","article-title":"Dopaminergic neurons: Effect of antipsychotic drugs and amphetamine on single cell activity","volume":"185","author":"Bunney","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244250","article-title":"Drugs acting at D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors induce identical purposeless chewing in rats which can be differentiated by cholinergic manipulation","volume":"103","author":"Collins","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1177-9","article-title":"S32006, a novel 5-HT2C receptor antagonist displaying broad-based antidepressant and anxiolytic properties in rodent models","volume":"199","author":"Dekeyne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.039867","article-title":"Differential Actions of Antiparkinson Agents at Multiple Classes of Monoaminergic Receptor. I. A Multivariate Analysis of the Binding Profiles of 14 Drugs at 21 Native and Cloned Human Receptor Subtypes","volume":"303","author":"Millan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-12-05173.2002","article-title":"Activation of Ventral Tegmental Area Cells by the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis: A Novel Excitatory Amino Acid Input to Midbrain Dopamine Neurons","volume":"22","author":"Georges","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.03.004","article-title":"Serotonergic modulation of the activity of mesencephalic dopaminergic systems: Therapeutic implications","volume":"151","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00025","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of 5-HT2CReceptor Agonists for Addictive Disorders","volume":"6","author":"Higgins","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.114.009514","article-title":"Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Interactions with Dopamine Function: Implications for Therapeutics in Cocaine Use Disorder","volume":"67","author":"Howell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2005.11.006","article-title":"Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: Conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application","volume":"110","author":"Millan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(98)00078-1","article-title":"Serotonin (5-HT)2C receptors tonically inhibit dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA), but not 5-HT, release in the frontal cortex in vivo","volume":"37","author":"Millan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001045","article-title":"The melatonergic agonist and clinically active antidepressant, agomelatine, is a neutral antagonist at 5-HT2C receptors","volume":"14","author":"Millan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.01.025","article-title":"Effects of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonists on acute and chronic dyskinetic effects induced by haloperidol in rats","volume":"219","author":"Creed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-007-0450-x","article-title":"Further evidence for the association between 5-HT2C receptor gene polymorphisms and extrapyramidal side effects in male schizophrenic patients","volume":"64","author":"Gunes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1154-a","article-title":"Mirtazapine treats resting tremor, essential tremor, and levodopa-induced dyskinesias","volume":"53","author":"Pact","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)00907-2","article-title":"Serotonin and Dopamine Interactions in Psychosis Prevention","volume":"172","author":"Richtand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/22\/8509\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:32:25Z","timestamp":1760178745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/22\/8509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21228509"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21228509","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]}}}