{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:45:41Z","timestamp":1792521941710,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Miguel Servet Type II\u201d program, ISCIII, Spain","award":["CPI13\/00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPI13\/00003"]}]},{"name":"\u201cNicolas Monardes\u201d research program of the Consejer\u00eda de Salud (C-0030-2018, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain","award":["C-0030-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0030-2018"]}]},{"name":"Predoctoral grant  from  Consejer\u00eda de Salud y Familia, Andalucia, Spain","award":["PE-0106-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-0106-2019"]}]},{"name":"predoctoral grant PFIS-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain","award":["FI19-00112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19-00112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aims of this study were to explore intestinal microbial composition and functionality in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS) and to relate these findings to inflammation, permeability and the transcription factor Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) gene expression in peripheral blood. The study included 19 pSS patients and 19 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Fecal bacterial DNA was extracted and analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing using an Ion S5 platform followed by a bioinformatics analysis using Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME II) and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt). Our data suggest that the gut microbiota of pSS patients differs at both the taxonomic and functional levels with respect to healthy controls. The gut microbiota profile of our pSS patients was characterized by a lower diversity and richness and with Bacteroidetes dominating at the phylum level. The pSS patients had less beneficial or commensal butyrate-producing bacteria and a higher proportion of opportunistic pathogens with proinflammatory activity, which may impair intestinal barrier function and therefore contribute to inflammatory processes associated with pSS by increasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and decreasing the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the peripheral FOXP3 mRNA expression, implicated in the development and function of regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Further studies are needed to better understand the real impact of dysbiosis on the course of pSS and to conceive preventive or therapeutic strategies to counteract microbiome-driven inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T06:23:52Z","timestamp":1605767032000},"page":"8733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Connection between the Gut Microbiome, Systemic Inflammation, Gut Permeability and FOXP3 Expression in Patients with Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cano-Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Hospital de la Arruzafa. Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14012 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Laborda-Illanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Plaza-Andrades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Membrillo del Pozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Hospital de la Arruzafa. Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14012 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Villarrubia Cuadrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Hospital de la Arruzafa. Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14012 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5513-8790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Calvo de Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Leiva-Gea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Endocrinolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Hospital Materno-Infantil, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Sanchez-Alcoholado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2867-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Queipo-Ortu\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Intercentros de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1702514","article-title":"Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"378","author":"Mariette","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. 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