{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:49:40Z","timestamp":1792842580099,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":229,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ferroptosis is a type of cell death that was described less than a decade ago. It is caused by the excess of free intracellular iron that leads to lipid (hydro) peroxidation. Iron is essential as a redox metal in several physiological functions. The brain is one of the organs known to be affected by iron homeostatic balance disruption. Since the 1960s, increased concentration of iron in the central nervous system has been associated with oxidative stress, oxidation of proteins and lipids, and cell death. Here, we review the main mechanisms involved in the process of ferroptosis such as lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase 4 enzyme activity, and iron metabolism. Moreover, the association of ferroptosis with the pathophysiology of some neurodegenerative diseases, namely Alzheimer\u2019s, Parkinson\u2019s, and Huntington\u2019s diseases, has also been addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T02:09:07Z","timestamp":1605838147000},"page":"8765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":423,"title":["Ferroptosis Mechanisms Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4327-3928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cadiele Oliana","family":"Reichert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5745-7843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio Alessandro","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Sampaio-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8125-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Rokita-Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila de Lima","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7492-997X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debora","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7582-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio Paulo","family":"Bydlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipids, Oxidation, and Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa (INCT-Regenera), CNPq, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0164-5","article-title":"The molecular machinery of regulated cell death","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.10.003","article-title":"Circulating biomarkers of cell death","volume":"500","author":"Wimmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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