{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:12:35Z","timestamp":1791929555844,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Under normal physiological conditions the brain primarily utilizes glucose for ATP generation. However, in situations where glucose is sparse, e.g., during prolonged fasting, ketone bodies become an important energy source for the brain. The brain\u2019s utilization of ketones seems to depend mainly on the concentration in the blood, thus many dietary approaches such as ketogenic diets, ingestion of ketogenic medium-chain fatty acids or exogenous ketones, facilitate significant changes in the brain\u2019s metabolism. Therefore, these approaches may ameliorate the energy crisis in neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by a deterioration of the brain\u2019s glucose metabolism, providing a therapeutic advantage in these diseases. Most clinical studies examining the neuroprotective role of ketone bodies have been conducted in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, where brain imaging studies support the notion of enhancing brain energy metabolism with ketones. Likewise, a few studies show modest functional improvements in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and cognitive benefits in patients with\u2014or at risk of\u2014Alzheimer\u2019s disease after ketogenic interventions. Here, we summarize current knowledge on how ketogenic interventions support brain metabolism and discuss the therapeutic role of ketones in neurodegenerative disease, emphasizing clinical data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T02:09:07Z","timestamp":1605838147000},"page":"8767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":442,"title":["Effects of Ketone Bodies on Brain Metabolism and Function in Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-4056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole Jacqueline","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena Zander","family":"Wodschow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5207-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Rungby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.3.731","article-title":"Cellular energy utilization and molecular origin of standard metabolic rate in mammals","volume":"77","author":"Rolfe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Physiol. 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