{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:23:27Z","timestamp":1791563007833,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH: EY018239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH: EY018239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH: P30 EY07551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH: P30 EY07551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013400","name":"American Academy of Optometry Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["William C Ezell Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["William C Ezell Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008001","name":"University of Cologne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Koeln Fortune Program\/Faculty of Medicine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Koeln Fortune Program\/Faculty of Medicine"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dyslipidemia may be linked to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and altered meibum lipid composition. The purpose was to determine if plasma and meibum cholesteryl esters (CE), triglycerides (TG), ceramides (Cer) and sphingomyelins (SM) change in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity where mice develop dyslipidemia. Methods: Male C57\/BL6 mice (8\/group, age = 6 wks) were fed a normal (ND; 15% kcal fat) or an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD; 42% kcal fat) for 10 wks. Tear production was measured and meibography was performed. Body and epididymal adipose tissue (eAT) weights were determined. Nano-ESI-MS\/MS and LC-ESI-MS\/MS were used to detect CE, TG, Cer and SM species. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis, Pearson\u2019s correlation and unpaired t-tests adjusted for multiple comparisons; significance set at p \u2264 0.05. Results: Compared to ND mice, HFD mice gained more weight and showed heavier eAT and dyslipidemia with higher levels of plasma CE, TG, Cer and SM. HFD mice had hypertrophic meibomian glands, increased levels of lipid species acylated by saturated fatty acids in plasma and meibum and excessive tear production. Conclusions: The majority of meibum lipid species with saturated fatty acids increased with HFD feeding with evidence of meibomian gland hypertrophy and excessive tearing. The dyslipidemia is associated with altered meibum composition, a key feature of MGD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T09:46:18Z","timestamp":1605865578000},"page":"8772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Obese Mice with Dyslipidemia Exhibit Meibomian Gland Hypertrophy and Alterations in Meibum Composition and Aqueous Tear Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2059-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene A.","family":"Osae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Bullock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhavi","family":"Chintapalati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5631-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Brodesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECAD Research Center, Lipidomics\/Metabolomics Facility, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Hanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Redfern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6892-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Steven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Division for Dry-Eye and Ocular GvHD, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Wayne","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolando E.","family":"Rumbaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. 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