{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:51:31Z","timestamp":1788306691261,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipodystrophies are a heterogeneous group of physiological changes characterized by a selective loss of fatty tissue. Here, no fat cells are present, either through lack of differentiation, loss of function or premature apoptosis. As a consequence, lipids can only be stored ectopically in non-adipocytes with the major health consequences as fatty liver and insulin resistance. This is a crucial difference to being slim where the fat cells are present and store lipids if needed. A simple clinical classification of lipodystrophies is based on congenital vs. acquired and generalized vs. partial disturbance of fat distribution. Complications in patients with lipodystrophy depend on the clinical manifestations. For example, in diabetes mellitus microangiopathic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy may develop. In addition, due to ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver, fatty liver hepatitis may also develop, possibly with cirrhosis. The consequences of extreme hypertriglyceridemia are typically acute pancreatitis or eruptive xanthomas. The combination of severe hyperglycemia with dyslipidemia and signs of insulin resistance can lead to premature atherosclerosis with its associated complications of coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and cerebrovascular changes. Overall, lipodystrophy is rare with an estimated incidence for congenital (&lt;1\/1.000.000) and acquired (1\u20139\/100.000) forms. Due to the rarity of the syndrome and the phenotypic range of metabolic complications, only studies with limited patient numbers can be considered. Experimental animal models are therefore useful to understand the molecular mechanisms in lipodystrophy and to identify possible therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T09:46:18Z","timestamp":1605865578000},"page":"8778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Lipodystrophies\u2014Disorders of the Fatty Tissue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5575-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit","family":"Knebel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Diabetes-Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 M\u00fcnchen-Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"M\u00fcller-Wieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1173-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorg","family":"Kotzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Diabetes-Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 M\u00fcnchen-Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra025261","article-title":"Acquired and inherited lipodystrophies","volume":"350","author":"Garg","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. 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