{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:06:42Z","timestamp":1792454802082,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u2116 16-15-00010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u2116 16-15-00010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The translation of new therapies for spinal cord injury to clinical trials can be facilitated with large animal models close in morpho-physiological scale to humans. Here, we report functional restoration and morphological reorganization after spinal contusion in pigs, following a combined treatment of locomotor training facilitated with epidural electrical stimulation (EES) and cell-mediated triple gene therapy with umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells overexpressing recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, and neural cell adhesion molecule. Preliminary results obtained on a small sample of pigs 2 months after spinal contusion revealed the difference in post-traumatic spinal cord outcomes in control and treated animals. In treated pigs, motor performance was enabled by EES and the corresponding morpho-functional changes in hind limb skeletal muscles were accompanied by the reorganization of the glial cell, the reaction of stress cell, and synaptic proteins. Our data demonstrate effects of combined EES-facilitated motor training and cell-mediated triple gene therapy after spinal contusion in large animals, informing a background for further animal studies and clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T09:06:28Z","timestamp":1606208788000},"page":"8896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Epidural Stimulation Combined with Triple Gene Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6632-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rustem","family":"Islamov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Bashirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8119-3136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Fadeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Shevchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Izmailov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3789-0284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vage","family":"Markosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-6683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Sokolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maksim","family":"Kuznetsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Davleeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravil","family":"Garifulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6988-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilnur","family":"Salafutdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan [Volga Region] Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6383-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leniz","family":"Nurullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuriy","family":"Chelyshev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Lavrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan [Volga Region] Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0381","article-title":"Concise Review: Bridging the Gap: Novel Neuroregenerative and Neuroprotective Strategies in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"5","author":"Ahuja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. 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