{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:21:52Z","timestamp":1792088512693,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda&amp;#x00E7;&amp;#x00E3;o de Amparo &amp;#x00E0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&amp;#x00E3;o Paulo","award":["17\/02983-2; 17\/21840-8; 17\/22189-9; 17\/21854-9; 20\/01318-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/02983-2; 17\/21840-8; 17\/22189-9; 17\/21854-9; 20\/01318-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity-associated low-grade inflammation favors weight gain, whereas systemic infection frequently leads to anorexia. Thus, inflammatory signals can either induce positive or negative energy balance. In this study, we used whole-cell patch-clamp to investigate the acute effects of three important proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-6, and interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) on the membrane excitability of agouti-related peptide (AgRP)- or proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-producing neurons. We found that both TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 acutely inhibited the activity of 35\u201342% of AgRP-producing neurons, whereas very few POMC neurons were depolarized by TNF-\u03b1. Interleukin-6 induced no acute changes in the activity of AgRP or POMC neurons. Our findings indicate that the effect of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2, especially on the activity of AgRP-producing neurons, may contribute to inflammation-induced anorexia observed during acute inflammatory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T08:59:15Z","timestamp":1606294755000},"page":"8928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 and Interleukin-1\u03b2 Acutely Inhibit AgRP Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Fernanda M.","family":"Chaves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiologia e Biof\u00edsica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naira S.","family":"Mansano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0877-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Fraz\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4166-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Jose","family":"Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiologia e Biof\u00edsica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81084-3","article-title":"From lesions to leptin: Hypothalamic control of food intake and body weight","volume":"22","author":"Elmquist","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1126\/science.133.3456.887","article-title":"Distinct \u201cfeeding\u201d and \u201chunger motivating\u201d systems in the lateral hypothalamus of the rat","volume":"133","author":"Morgane","year":"1961","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1946.26.4.541","article-title":"Mechanisms of the development of obesity in animals with hypothalamic lesions","volume":"25","author":"Brobeck","year":"1946","journal-title":"Physiol. 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