{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T16:26:34Z","timestamp":1773073594914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006280","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-110755RB-I00\/AEI \/ 10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-110755RB-I00\/AEI \/ 10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006531","name":"Departament d'Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informaci\u00f3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017 SGR 926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 SGR 926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006531","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010677","name":"H2020 Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GO-DS21- 848077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GO-DS21- 848077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Marat\u00f3 TV3","award":["2016\/20-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/20-30"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013278","name":"EU Joint Programme \u2013 Neurodegenerative Disease Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Heroes"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Heroes"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodevelopmental disorders arise from genetic and\/or from environmental factors and are characterized by different degrees of intellectual disability. The mechanisms that govern important processes sustaining learning and memory, which are severely affected in intellectual disability, have classically been thought to be exclusively under neuronal control. However, this vision has recently evolved into a more integrative conception in which astroglia, rather than just acting as metabolic supply and structural anchoring for neurons, interact at distinct levels modulating neuronal communication and possibly also cognitive processes. Recently, genetic tools have made it possible to specifically manipulate astrocyte activity unraveling novel functions that involve astrocytes in memory function in the healthy brain. However, astrocyte manipulation has also underscored potential mechanisms by which dysfunctional astrocytes could contribute to memory deficits in several neurodevelopmental disorders revealing new pathogenic mechanisms in intellectual disability. Here, we review the current knowledge about astrocyte dysfunction that might contribute to learning and memory impairment in neurodevelopmental disorders, with special focus on Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T03:51:16Z","timestamp":1606535476000},"page":"9039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Rethinking Intellectual Disability from Neuro- to Astro-Pathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6451-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Blanco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Dierssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Top ten discoveries of the year: Neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"1","author":"Dierssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1352\/1934-9556-52.3.165","article-title":"To ID or Not to ID? 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