{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:50:40Z","timestamp":1790653840634,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (MSIP)","award":["NRF-2016R1E1A1A01942724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1E1A1A01942724"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (MSIP)","award":["NRF-2017R1A2B3002241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1A2B3002241"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (MSIP)","award":["NRF-2017R1C1B1012464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1C1B1012464"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (MSIP)","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01073437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01073437"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC, No. 81460408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC, No. 81460408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009624","name":"Yonsei University College of Dentistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK21 PLUS Project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK21 PLUS Project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibrosis is presented in various physiologic and pathologic conditions of the salivary gland. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2) pathway has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in several organs, including the salivary glands. Among the TGF-\u03b2 superfamily members, TGF-\u03b21 and 2 are pro-fibrotic ligands, whereas TGF-\u03b23 and some bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are anti-fibrotic ligands. TGF-\u03b21 is thought to be associated with the pro-fibrotic pathogenesis of sialadenitis, post-radiation salivary gland dysfunction, and Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Potential therapeutic strategies that target multiple levels in the TGF-\u03b2 pathway are under preclinical and clinical research for fibrosis. Despite the anti-fibrotic effect of BMPs, their in vivo delivery poses a challenge in terms of adequate clinical efficacy. In this article, we will review the relevance of TGF-\u03b2 signaling in salivary gland fibrosis and advances of potential therapeutic options in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T20:10:22Z","timestamp":1606767022000},"page":"9138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["TGF-\u03b2 Pathway in Salivary Gland Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5653-5969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianglan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China"},{"name":"Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Seop","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2203-313X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawool","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7318-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong In","family":"Yook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3614-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Sil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunae Sandra","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00012","article-title":"Biological significance of local tgf-\u03b2 activation in liver diseases","volume":"3","author":"Hayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. 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