{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:28:05Z","timestamp":1772252885197,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2017\/10910-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/10910-5"]}]},{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2013\/07276-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/07276-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015799","name":"EMU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2009\/54035-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009\/54035-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015799","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different therapeutic strategies have been investigated to target and eliminate HIV-1-infected cells by using armed antibodies specific to viral proteins, with varying degrees of success. Herein, we propose a new strategy by combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) with HIV Env-targeted immunotherapy, and refer to it as HIV photoimmunotherapy (PIT). A human anti-gp41 antibody (7B2) was conjugated to two photosensitizers (PSs) with different charges through different linking strategies; \u201cClick\u201d conjugation by using an azide-bearing porphyrin attached via a disulfide bridge linker with a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of exactly 4, and \u201cLysine\u201d conjugation by using phthalocyanine IRDye 700DX dye with average DARs of 2.1, 3.0 and 4.4. These photo-immunoconjugates (PICs) were compared via biochemical and immunological characterizations regarding the dosimetry, solubility, and cell targeting. Photo-induced cytotoxicity of the PICs were compared using assays for apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), photo-cytotoxicity, and confocal microscopy. Targeted phototoxicity seems to be primarily dependent on the binding of PS-antibody to the HIV antigen on the cell membrane, whilst being independent of the PS type. This is the first report of the application of PIT for HIV immunotherapy by killing HIV Env-expressing cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T13:08:51Z","timestamp":1606828131000},"page":"9151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Photoimmunotherapy Using Cationic and Anionic Photosensitizer-Antibody Conjugates against HIV Env-Expressing Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7384-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Sadraeian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Calise","family":"Bahou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar Ferreira","family":"da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Retrovirologia, Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edz M\u00e1rio Ramos","family":"Janini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Retrovirologia, Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Sobhie Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Retrovirologia, Disciplina de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7476-9857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross W.","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Chudasama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Eduardo Gontijo Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0412-8","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies in the clinic","volume":"25","author":"Caskey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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