{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:19:19Z","timestamp":1789708759535,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthropogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can contaminate air, soil, and water. Human exposures to EDCs occur through inhalation, absorption, and ingestion. EDCs act by disrupting various pathways in the endocrine system. When the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal (HPG) axis is disrupted by EDCs, there can be effects on fertility in both men and women. Not only can fertility be indirectly affected by EDC disruptions of the HPG axis, but EDCs can also directly affect the menstrual cycle and sperm morphology. In this review, we will discuss the current findings on EDCs that can be inhaled. This review examines effects of exposure to prominent EDCs: brominated and organophosphate flame retardants, diesel exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cadmium and lead, TCDD, and polychlorinated biphenyls on fertility through alterations that disrupt the HPG axis and fertility through inhalation. Although the studies included herein include multiple exposure routes, all the studies indicate receptor interactions that can occur from inhalation and the associated effects of all compounds on the HPG axis and subsequent fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T07:49:54Z","timestamp":1606895394000},"page":"9191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Endocrine-Disrupting Air Pollutants and Their Effects on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9598-365X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Plunk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2251-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean M.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics3040414","article-title":"Atrazine Exposure and Reproductive Dysfunction through the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis","volume":"3","author":"Wirbisky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"713696","article-title":"Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Associated Disorders and Mechanisms of Action","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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