{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:55:16Z","timestamp":1790805316699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a \u03b2-galactoside-binding protein belonging to the lectin family with pleiotropic regulatory activities and several physiological cellular functions, such as cellular growth, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cellular adhesion, and tissue repair. Inflammation, tissue fibrosis and angiogenesis are the main processes in which Gal-3 is involved. It is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including organ fibrosis, chronic inflammation, cancer, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review aims to explore the connections of Gal-3 with cardiovascular diseases since they represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We herein discuss the evidence on the pro-inflammatory role of Gal-3 in the atherogenic process as well as the association with plaque features linked to lesion stability. We report the biological role and molecular mechanisms of Gal-3 in other CVDs, highlighting its involvement in the development of cardiac fibrosis and impaired myocardium remodelling, resulting in heart failure and atrial fibrillation. The role of Gal-3 as a prognostic marker of heart failure is described together with possible diagnostic applications to other CVDs. Finally, we report the tentative use of Gal-3 inhibition as a therapeutic approach to prevent cardiac inflammation and fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T11:15:43Z","timestamp":1606994143000},"page":"9232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":194,"title":["Galectin-3 in Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4657-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Blanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9507-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto Marcello","family":"Bracale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0618-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Donata","family":"Di Taranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"CEINGE S.C.a r.l. Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"CEINGE S.C.a r.l. Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.58664","article-title":"Potential novel biomarkers of cardiovascular dysfunction and disease: Cardiotrophin-1, adipokines and galectin-3","volume":"4","author":"Hogas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). 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