{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:53:31Z","timestamp":1789516411569,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50WB1923 and 50WB1924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50WB1923 and 50WB1924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>All life forms have evolved under the constant force of gravity on Earth and developed ways to counterbalance acceleration load. In space, shear forces, buoyance-driven convection, and hydrostatic pressure are nullified or strongly reduced. When subjected to microgravity in space, the equilibrium between cell architecture and the external force is disturbed, resulting in changes at the cellular and sub-cellular levels (e.g., cytoskeleton, signal transduction, membrane permeability, etc.). Cosmic radiation also poses great health risks to astronauts because it has high linear energy transfer values that evoke complex DNA and other cellular damage. Space environmental conditions have been shown to influence apoptosis in various cell types. Apoptosis has important functions in morphogenesis, organ development, and wound healing. This review provides an overview of microgravity research platforms and apoptosis. The sections summarize the current knowledge of the impact of microgravity and cosmic radiation on cells with respect to apoptosis. Apoptosis-related microgravity experiments conducted with different mammalian model systems are presented. Recent findings in cells of the immune system, cardiovascular system, brain, eyes, cartilage, bone, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas, as well as cancer cells investigated under real and simulated microgravity conditions, are discussed. This comprehensive review indicates the potential of the space environment in biomedical research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1607505478000},"page":"9373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Influence of Microgravity on Apoptosis in Cells, Tissues, and Other Systems In Vivo and In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Binod","family":"Prasad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstra\u00dfe 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, H\u00f8egh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0433-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian M.","family":"Strauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-4677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilmar Sidnei","family":"Erzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3588-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Corydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, H\u00f8egh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstra\u00dfe 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Space Biology Unlimited SAS, 24 Cours de l\u2019Intendance, 33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9614-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils E.","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Hormone Diseases, Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Infanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstra\u00dfe 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1120-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1038\/35059243","article-title":"Humans in space","volume":"409","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.20-0084","article-title":"The effects of microgravity on differentiation and cell growth in stem cells and cancer stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Grimm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem. 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