{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:58:14Z","timestamp":1792277894742,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]],"date-time":"2020-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) represents a cluster of various vascular disorders with different pathological backgrounds. The advanced vasculature net of cerebral vessels, including small arteries, capillaries, arterioles and venules, is usually affected. Processes of oxidation underlie the pathology of CSVD, promoting the degenerative status of the epithelial layer. There are several classifications of cerebral small vessel diseases; some of them include diseases such as Binswanger\u2019s disease, leukoaraiosis, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and lacunar strokes. This paper presents the characteristics of CSVD and the impact of the current knowledge of this topic on the diagnosis and treatment of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T01:01:08Z","timestamp":1608512468000},"page":"9729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":173,"title":["Cerebral Small Vessel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Litak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9973-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Kulesza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Szmygin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Litak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. John\u2019s Cancer Center in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Kamieniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2938-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cezary","family":"Grochowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Virtual Man, Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70104-6","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease: From pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges","volume":"9","author":"Pantoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22916-3","article-title":"Impact of brain atrophy on 90-day functional outcome after moderate-vol- ume basal ganglia hemorrhage","volume":"8","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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