{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T19:47:57Z","timestamp":1793130477893,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1142954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1142954"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There has been an escalation in reports over the last decade examining the efficacy of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (BMSC) in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine-based applications. The multipotent differentiation potential, myelosupportive capacity, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory properties of BMSC underpins their versatile nature as therapeutic agents. This review addresses the current limitations and challenges of exogenous autologous and allogeneic BMSC based regenerative skeletal therapies in combination with bioactive molecules, cellular derivatives, genetic manipulation, biocompatible hydrogels, solid and composite scaffolds. The review highlights the current approaches and recent developments in utilizing endogenous BMSC activation or exogenous BMSC for the repair of long bone and vertebrae fractures due to osteoporosis or trauma. Current advances employing BMSC based therapies for bone regeneration of craniofacial defects is also discussed. Moreover, this review discusses the latest developments utilizing BMSC therapies in the preclinical and clinical settings, including the treatment of bone related diseases such as Osteogenesis Imperfecta.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T09:41:41Z","timestamp":1608543701000},"page":"9759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":255,"title":["Clinical Application of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells to Repair Skeletal Tissue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Arthur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"},{"name":"Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stan","family":"Gronthos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"},{"name":"Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeynayake, N., Arthur, A., and Gronthos, S. (2020). Crosstalk Between Skeletal and Neural Tissues Is Critical for Skeletal Health. Bone, 115645.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115645"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajkumar Rajendram, V.R.P., and Patel, V. (2013). Multipotential mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells in skeletal tissue repair. Stem Cells and Bone Tissue, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b14590"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21592","article-title":"The Therapeutic Applications of Multipotential mesenchymal\/Stromal Stem Cells in Skeletal Tissue Repair","volume":"218","author":"Arthur","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering3010006","article-title":"Controlling Arteriogenesis and Mast Cells Are Central to Bioengineering Solutions for Critical Bone Defect Repair Using Allografts","volume":"3","author":"Antebi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1911","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2622","article-title":"The Roles of Cellular and Molecular Components of a Hematoma at Early Stage of Bone Healing","volume":"12","author":"Shiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2902","article-title":"In Vitro Simulation of the Early Proinflammatory Phase in Fracture Healing Reveals Strong Immunomodulatory Effects of CD146-positive Mesenchymal Stromal Cells","volume":"13","author":"Herrmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00128-5","article-title":"Roles of Fibrinolytic Factors in the Alterations in Bone Marrow Hematopoietic stem\/Progenitor Cells During Bone Repair","volume":"40","author":"Okada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.164","article-title":"Fracture Healing: Mechanisms and Interventions","volume":"11","author":"Einhorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2008.07.004","article-title":"Bone Remodeling During Fracture Repair: The Cellular Picture","volume":"19","author":"Schindeler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2017.03.002","article-title":"Bone Fracture Healing in Mechanobiological Modeling: A Review of Principles and Methods","volume":"6","author":"Ghiasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2013.215","article-title":"Coupling the Activities of Bone Formation and Resorption: A Multitude of Signals within the Basic Multicellular Unit","volume":"3","author":"Sims","year":"2014","journal-title":"BoneKEy Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12024","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Stem Cells","volume":"63","author":"Wada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0676","article-title":"EphB and Ephrin-B Interactions Mediate Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Suppression of Activated T-Cells","volume":"22","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittenger, M.F., Discher, D.E., P\u00e9ault, B.M., Phinney, D.G., Hare, J.M., and Caplan, A.I. (2019). Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: Cell biology to clinical progress. NPJ Regen. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-019-0083-6"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Key Features You Need to Be Aware Of","volume":"21","author":"Saeedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2011-0039","article-title":"Human Adult Dental Pulp Stem Cells Enhance Poststroke Functional Recovery through Non-Neural Replacement Mechanisms","volume":"1","author":"Leong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3727\/096368915X689622","article-title":"Clinical Trials with Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An Update","volume":"25","author":"Squillaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement","volume":"8","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.08.025","article-title":"Self-Renewing Osteoprogenitors in Bone Marrow Sinusoids Can Organize a Hematopoietic Microenvironment","volume":"131","author":"Sacchetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00369","article-title":"Molecular and cellular characterisation of highly purified stromal stem cells derived from human bone marrow","volume":"116","author":"Gronthos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.4.696","article-title":"Perivascular Niche of Postnatal Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Human Bone Marrow and Dental Pulp","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000046182","article-title":"The STRO-1+ Marrow Cell Population Is Multipotential","volume":"170","author":"Dennis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00424-5","article-title":"Integrin-Mediated Interactions Between Human Bone Marrow Stromal Precursor Cells and the Extracellular Matrix","volume":"28","author":"Gronthos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V85.4.929.bloodjournal854929","article-title":"The Growth Factor Requirements of STRO-1-Positive Human Bone Marrow Stromal Precursors under Serum-Deprived Conditions in Vitro","volume":"85","author":"Gronthos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1681","article-title":"Concise Review: The Surface Markers and Identity of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"32","author":"Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-015-0124-8","article-title":"MSC Surface Markers (CD44, CD73, and CD90) Can Identify Human MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Conventional Flow Cytometry","volume":"14","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v7.i2.470","article-title":"CD271 As a Marker to Identify Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Diverse Sources before Culture","volume":"7","author":"Otero","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc.2014.7.2.118","article-title":"Comparison of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Markers in Multiple Human Adult Stem Cells","volume":"7","author":"Maleki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2019.1563069","article-title":"An updated review of adipose derived-mesenchymal stem cells and their applications in musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"19","author":"Cabeza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5807","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0937635100","article-title":"SHED: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth","volume":"100","author":"Miura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1138","article-title":"Surface Protein Characterization of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells","volume":"189","author":"Gronthos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1981.tb06752.x","article-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"39","author":"Dowling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24209","article-title":"Genetic Modification of ScAAV-Equine-BMP-2 Transduced Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells before and after Cryopreservation: An \u201coff-the-Shelf\u201d Option for Fracture Repair","volume":"37","author":"Ball","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02808","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Bone Tissue Engineering for Veterinary Practice","volume":"5","author":"Nantavisai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"6025918","article-title":"Multicentric, Open-Label, Randomized, Comparative Clinical Trial of Two Different Doses of Expanded HBM-MSCs Plus Biomaterial Versus Iliac Crest Autograft, for Bone Healing in Nonunions After Long Bone Fractures: Study Protocol","volume":"2018","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.02.030","article-title":"REBORNE and ORTHOUNION Research Consortia. Validation of a Long Bone Fracture Non-Union Healing Score After Treatment with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Combined to Biomaterials","volume":"51","year":"2020","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1066-7","article-title":"Safety and Feasibility of Cell-Based Therapy of Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cells in Plate-Stabilized Proximal Humeral Fractures in Humans","volume":"14","author":"Seebach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2013.01.004","article-title":"Repair of Long-Bone Pseudoarthrosis with Autologous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells Combined with Allogenic Bone Graft","volume":"15","author":"Batalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Fabrication and Clinical Application of Easy-to-Operate Pre-Cured CPC\/RhBMP-2 Micro-Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"159","article-title":"Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Implantation Is Safe for Reconstruction of Human Lower Limb Long Bone Atrophic Nonunion","volume":"19","author":"Emadedin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"302","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Implantation in Combination with Platelet Lysate Product Is Safe for Reconstruction of Human Long Bone Nonunion","volume":"18","author":"Labibzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.109","article-title":"Stem Cell\u2013based Therapy for Prevention of Delayed Fracture Union: A Randomized and Prospective Preliminary Study","volume":"21","author":"Liebergall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-020-00222-w","article-title":"Efficacy of Stem Cell Allograft in Maxillary Sinus Bone Regeneration: A Randomized Controlled Clinical and Blinded Histomorphometric Study","volume":"6","author":"Whitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Implant. Dent."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2019.03.001","article-title":"Translation of a Standardized Manufacturing Protocol for Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Systematic Comparison of Validation and Manufacturing Data","volume":"21","author":"Rojewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0951-9","article-title":"Cell Therapy Induced Regeneration of Severely Atrophied Mandibular Bone in a Clinical Trial","volume":"9","author":"Gjerde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"244","article-title":"Bioglass in Alveolar Bone Regeneration in Orthodontic Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"1","author":"Hamdy","year":"2016","journal-title":"JDR Clin. Trans. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.11.004","article-title":"Repair of Maxillary Cystic Bone Defects with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Seeded on a Cross-Linked Serum Scaffold","volume":"46","author":"Redondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"World\u2019s First Clinical Case of Gene-Activated Bone Substitute Application","volume":"2016","author":"Bozo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dent."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2464","article-title":"Bone Engineering of Maxillary Sinus Bone Deficiencies Using Enriched CD90+ Stem Cell Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"30","author":"Kaigler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X652968","article-title":"Stem Cell Therapy for Craniofacial Bone Regeneration: A Randomized, Controlled Feasibility Trial","volume":"22","author":"Kaigler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-400085","article-title":"Transplanted Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells and MSCs Impart Clinical Benefit to Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta through Different Mechanisms","volume":"120","author":"Otsuru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2012.00463.x","article-title":"Healing of Fresh Extraction Sockets Filled with Bioactive Glass Particles: Histological Findings in Humans","volume":"16","author":"Clozza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"770","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Bone Changes Following Ridge Preservation Procedures","volume":"27","author":"Clozza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6205910","article-title":"Phase I\/II Trial of Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation with a Three-Dimensional Woven-Fabric Scaffold for Periodontitis","volume":"2016","author":"Baba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-018-0025-8","article-title":"Biomimetic Delivery of Signals for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"6","author":"Dang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2014.9127","article-title":"Scaffold Design for Bone Regeneration","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00474","article-title":"Natural Polymeric Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Filippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900098","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201900098","article-title":"Visible Light Cross-Linking of Gelatin Hydrogels Offers an Enhanced Cell Microenvironment with Improved Light Penetration Depth","volume":"19","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, M., Giuffre, A., McClenny, C., and Van Dyke, M. (2020). A Keratin-Based Microparticle for Cell Delivery. J. Biomater. Appl.","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328220951892"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.04.020","article-title":"Osteogenic Signaling on Silk-Based Matrices","volume":"97","author":"Midha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.09.027","article-title":"Silk Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering: An Overview","volume":"63","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.115","article-title":"Chitosan and Gelatin-Based Electrospun Fibers for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"133","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.112","article-title":"Chitosan based biocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"93","author":"Saravanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199704270-00003","article-title":"Bone formation in vivo: Comparison of osteogenesis by transplanted mouse and human marrow stromal fibroblasts","volume":"63","author":"Krebsbach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0153","article-title":"Comparative Assessment of the Osteoconductive Properties of Different BiomaterialsIn VivoSeeded with Human or Ovine Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells","volume":"16","author":"Zannettino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Pan, Y., and Yao, Q. (2020). Novel three-dimensional Bioglass Functionalized Gelatin Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34720"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v12.i7.545","article-title":"Approaches to Promoting Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis on Orthopedic Implant Surface","volume":"12","author":"Huo","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.01.015","article-title":"Mechanisms of Ectopic Bone Formation by Human Osteoprogenitor Cells on CaP Biomaterial Carriers","volume":"33","author":"Chai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomater."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys Developed As Bone Repair Materials: A Review","volume":"2018","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scanning"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00622","article-title":"Advancements in Hydrogel-Based Drug Sustained Release Systems for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S209431","article-title":"Advancements and Frontiers in Nano-Based 3D and 4D Scaffolds for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering","volume":"14","author":"Qasim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.06.023","article-title":"Nanoengineered Biomaterials for Repair and Regeneration of Orthopedic Tissue Interfaces","volume":"42","author":"Cross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00029","article-title":"Nanoengineered Osteoinductive and Elastomeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"3","author":"Kerativitayanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0187","article-title":"Contrasting Effects of Vasculogenic Induction Upon Biaxial Bioreactor Stimulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells Cocultures in Three-Dimensional Scaffolds Under In Vitro and In Vivo Paradigms for Vascularized Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part. A"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"401","article-title":"Bioactive Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration","volume":"3","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-020-06364-y","article-title":"Scaffolds and Coatings for Bone Regeneration","volume":"31","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36978","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c12090","article-title":"ZIF-8-Modified Multifunctional Bone-Adhesive Hydrogels Promoting Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis for Bone Regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21481","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202009569","article-title":"Anisotropic Protein Organofibers Encoded with Extraordinary Mechanical Behavior for Cellular Mechanobiology Applications","volume":"59","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.08.070","article-title":"Silk Fibroin Membrane Used for Guided Bone Tissue Regeneration","volume":"70","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.02.016","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite Reinforced Inherent RGD Containing Silk Fibroin Composite Scaffolds: Promising Platform for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"13","author":"Behera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Fitzpatrick, V., Zheng, N., Cheng, R., Huang, H., Ghezzi, C., Kaplan, D.L., and Yang, C. (2020). Self-Folding 3D Silk Biomaterial Rolls to Facilitate Axon and Bone Regeneration. Adv. Healthc. Mater., 9.","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000530"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5825","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S259678","article-title":"3D-HA Scaffold Functionalized by Extracellular Matrix of Stem Cells Promotes Bone Repair","volume":"15","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9697","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB02127B","article-title":"A Modular Programmed Biphasic Dual-Delivery System on 3D Ceramic Scaffolds for Osteogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"137","article-title":"Cryogenic 3D Printing of Dual-Delivery Scaffolds for Improved Bone Regeneration with Enhanced Vascularization","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1210","article-title":"Engineering Vascularized Bone: Osteogenic and Proangiogenic Potential of Murine Periosteal Cells","volume":"30","author":"Torrekens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paterson, T.E., Shi, R., Tian, J., Harrison, C.J., Mendes, M.D.S., Hatton, P.V., Li, Z., and Ortega-Asencio, I. (2020). Electrospun Scaffolds Containing Silver-Doped Hydroxyapatite with Antimicrobial Properties for Applications in Orthopedic and Dental Bone Surgery. J. Funct. Biomater., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb11030058"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"e2003010","article-title":"ZnO\/Nanocarbons-Modified Fibrous Scaffolds for Stem Cell-Based Osteogenic Differentiation","volume":"16","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Micro Small"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24184","article-title":"Predictors of Fracture Healing in Patients with Recalcitrant Nonunions Treated with Autologous Culture Expanded Bone marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells","volume":"37","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Schmidt, H., Pavleska, D., Wermann, T., Seekamp, A., and Fuchs, S. (2017). Crude Fucoidan Extracts Impair Angiogenesis in Models Relevant for Bone Regeneration and Osteosarcoma via Reduction of VEGF and SDF-1. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15060186"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-019-00608-w","article-title":"Transplantation of IL-10-Overexpressing Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorates Diabetic-Induced Impaired Fracture Healing in Mice","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-020-00594-3","article-title":"Stem Cell Therapy as a Treatment for Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"18","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"76","article-title":"MiR-21 Nanocapsules Promote Early Bone Repair of Osteoporotic Fractures by Stimulating the Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2019.08.013","article-title":"Activation of Skeletal Stem and Progenitor Cells for Bone Regeneration Is Driven by PDGFRbeta Signaling","volume":"51","author":"Bohm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8565","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900082RR","article-title":"Lgr5-overexpressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells Augment Fracture Healing through Regulation of Wnt\/ERK Signaling Pathways and Mitochondrial Dynamics","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2013.34","article-title":"CXCL12\/CXCR4 Signaling and Other Recruitment and Homing Pathways in Fracture Repair","volume":"2","author":"Yellowley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.03.014","article-title":"Studies of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Based Surgical Repair","volume":"64","author":"Lo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.121569","article-title":"Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Accelerates Fracture Healing in Osteoporotic Rats","volume":"47","author":"Diwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2016.10.3.457","article-title":"Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Posterolateral Spinal Fusion: What\u2019s the Right Dose?","volume":"10","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(16)30611-8","article-title":"Allograft Plus OP-1 Enhances Ossification in Posterolateral Lumbar Fusion: A Seven Year Follow-up","volume":"47","author":"Guerado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2017.47.2.86","article-title":"Sinus Augmentation Using RhBMP-2-Loaded Synthetic Bone Substitute with Simultaneous Implant Placement in Rabbits","volume":"47","author":"Joo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Implant Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.08.005","article-title":"Ex Vivo Gene Therapy Using Human Bone Marrow Cells Overexpressing BMP-2: \"Next-Day\" Gene Therapy Versus Standard \u201cTwo-Step\u201d Approach","volume":"128","author":"Bougioukli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.04.023","article-title":"A Critical Review of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Trials in Spinal Surgery: Emerging Safety Concerns and Lessons Learned","volume":"11","author":"Carragee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine J. N. Am. Spine Soc."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"18","article-title":"Soft Tissue Swelling Associated with the Use of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Long Bone Non-Unions","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2015.0357","article-title":"A Review of the Clinical Side Effects of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2","volume":"22","author":"James","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2201-1","article-title":"The Clinical Use of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Revisited: A Novel Biocompatible Carrier Device OSTEOGROW for Bone Healing","volume":"38","author":"Vukicevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal3128","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3128","article-title":"In Situ Bone Tissue Engineering via Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Delivery to Endogenous Progenitor Cells in Mini-Pigs","volume":"9","author":"Bez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6530624","article-title":"BMP6-Engineered MSCs Induce Vertebral Bone Repair in a Pig Model: A Pilot Study","volume":"2016","author":"Pelled","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exosomes from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Fracture Healing through the Promotion of Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis in a Rat Model of Nonunion","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20884","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR02791B","article-title":"Aptamer-Functionalized Exosomes from Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Target Bone to Promote Bone Regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21374","article-title":"Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-3 Improve Recruitment of Osteogenic Cells into Sites of Musculoskeletal Repair","volume":"29","author":"Shinohara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S180859","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Modified Chitosan-Agarose-Gelatin Scaffold for Sustained Release of SDF-1 and BMP-2","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X690980","article-title":"Combined Use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Sheet Transplantation and Local Injection of SDF-1 for Bone Repair in a Rat Nonunion Model","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.07.032","article-title":"In-Situ Tissue Regeneration through SDF-1\u03b1 Driven Cell Recruitment and Stiffness-Mediated Bone Regeneration in a Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect","volume":"60","author":"Madl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0560","article-title":"CXCL12\/Stromal-Cell-Derived Factor-1 Effectively Replaces Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Induce Vascularized Ectopic Bone","volume":"23","author":"Eman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"E15","article-title":"Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 Mediates Changes of Bone Marrow Stem Cells During the Bone Repair Process","volume":"310","author":"Okada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-020-0088-1","article-title":"Pharmacological Tools to Mobilise Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into the Blood Promote Bone Formation After Surgery","volume":"5","author":"Fellous","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105103441904","article-title":"Effect of Parathyroid Hormone (1\u201334) on Fractures and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis","volume":"344","author":"Neer","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13766","article-title":"Osteoanabolic and Dual Action Drugs","volume":"85","author":"Tabacco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.61.BJR-2016-0085.R1","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone 1\u201334 and Skeletal Anabolic Action: The Use of Parathyroid Hormone in Bone Formation","volume":"6","author":"Sanghani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e800","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2019\/e800","article-title":"The Effectiveness and Safety of Parathyroid Hormone in Fracture Healing: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"74","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.10.049","article-title":"Local Pulsatile PTH Delivery Regenerates Bone Defects via Enhanced Bone Remodeling in a Cell-Free Scaffold","volume":"114","author":"Dang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojda, S.J., Marozas, I.A., Anseth, K.S., Yaszemski, M.J., and Donahue, S.W. (2020). Impact of Release Kinetics on Efficacy of Locally Delivered Parathyroid Hormone for Bone Regeneration Applications. Tissue Eng. Part A.","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2020.0119"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.211","article-title":"PTH Induces Systemically Administered Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Migrate to and Regenerate Spine Injuries","volume":"24","author":"Sheyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0502-9","article-title":"Systemic Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined with Parathyroid Hormone Therapy Synergistically Regenerates Multiple Rib Fractures","volume":"8","author":"Yakubovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, R., Bai, Y., Dai, J., Deng, M., Zhao, C., Tian, Z., Zeng, F., Liang, W., Liu, L., and Dong, S. (2020). Engineered Scaffolds Based on Mesenchymal Stem cells\/Preosteoclasts Extracellular Matrix Promote Bone Regeneration. J. Tissue Eng., 11.","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731420926918"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22081","article-title":"Enrichment for STRO-1 Expression Enhances the Cardiovascular Paracrine Activity of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Cell Populations","volume":"223","author":"Psaltis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"227","article-title":"CXCL12 in Early Mesenchymal Progenitors Is Required for Haematopoietic Stem-Cell Maintenance","volume":"495","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.02.002","article-title":"The Role of the Chemokine CXCL12 in Osteoclastogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Gronthos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-1687","article-title":"Elevated Serum Levels of Stromal-Derived Factor-1\u03b1 Are Associated with Increased Osteoclast Activity and Osteolytic Bone Disease in Multiple Myeloma Patients","volume":"65","author":"Zannettino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02182","article-title":"Chemokines in Physiological and Pathological Bone Remodeling","volume":"10","author":"Brylka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.10.033","article-title":"Dual Modulation of Bone Formation and Resorption with Zoledronic Acid-Loaded Biodegradable Magnesium Alloy Implants Improves Osteoporotic Fracture Healing: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-016-3130-6","article-title":"A Method of Treatment for Nonunion After Fractures Using Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Loaded on Collagen Microspheres and Incorporated into Platelet-Rich Plasma Clots","volume":"40","author":"Wittig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.021","article-title":"Radiological Assessment of the PRF\/BMSC Efficacy in the Treatment of Aseptic Nonunions: A Retrospective Study on 90 Subjects","volume":"47","author":"Dallari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-019-1346-z","article-title":"Co-Culture of the Bone and Bone Marrow: A Novel Way to Obtain Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Enhanced Osteogenic Ability for Fracture Healing in SD Rats","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0357","article-title":"A Platelet-Rich Plasma-Based Membrane as a Periosteal Substitute with Enhanced Osteogenic and Angiogenic Properties: A New Concept for Bone Repair","volume":"19","author":"Zaky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3597-9","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Clinical Applications and Complications of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate in Management of Bone Defects and Nonunions","volume":"41","author":"Imam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-016-0329-2","article-title":"Local Injection of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Fibrin Glue Promotes the Repair of Bone Atrophic Nonunion In Vivo","volume":"33","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"1979","article-title":"Effect of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Combination with Biomaterials in Early Phases of Distraction Osteogenesis: An Experimental Study in a Rabbit Femur Model","volume":"49","author":"Bitarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inj."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2883","article-title":"Synergetic Effects of HBMSCs and HPCs in Osteogenic Differentiation and Their Capacity in the Repair of Critical-Sized Femoral Condyle Defects","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-020-00249-5","article-title":"Osteoblast-Based Therapy\u2014A New Approach for Bone Repair in Osteoporosis: Pre-Clinical Setting","volume":"17","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.119998","article-title":"Characterisation and Evaluation of the Regenerative Capacity of Stro-4+ Enriched Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Using Bovine Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel and a Novel Biocompatible Melt Electro-Written Medical-Grade Polycaprolactone Scaffold","volume":"247","author":"Black","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-10-03-0046","article-title":"The Efficacy of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Precursor Cells for the Repair of an Ovine Tibial Segmental Defect","volume":"24","author":"McGee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veter Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102013440516","article-title":"Repair of Large Bone Defects with the Use of Autologous Bone Marrow Stromal Cells","volume":"344","author":"Quarto","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-015-3046-6","article-title":"Osteogenic Progenitors in Bone Marrow Aspirates Have Clinical Potential for Tibial Non-Unions Healing in Diabetic Patients","volume":"40","author":"Heyberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-015-2738-2","article-title":"Percutaneous Injection of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Ankle Non-Unions Decreases Complications in Patients with Diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Hernigou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-015-0286-8","article-title":"Diabetes and Its Effect on Bone and Fracture Healing","volume":"13","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3109\/08977194.2012.683188","article-title":"Systemically Delivered Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Enhances Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Dependent Fracture Healing","volume":"30","author":"Myers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000117","article-title":"Osteogenesis Imperfecta Due to Mutations in Non-Collagenous Genes: Lessons in the Biology of Bone Formation","volume":"26","author":"Marini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.1142","article-title":"Marrow Stromal Cells as a Source of Progenitor Cells for Nonhematopoietic Tissues in Transgenic Mice with a Phenotype of Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"95","author":"Pereira","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4386","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-10-115725","article-title":"Donor cell\u2013derived Osteopoiesis Originates from a Self-Renewing Stem Cell with a Limited Regenerative Contribution After Transplantation","volume":"111","author":"Dominici","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"41","article-title":"Animal Models of Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Applications in Clinical Research","volume":"8","author":"Carriero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2011-0007","article-title":"Upregulating CXCR4 in Human Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances Engraftment and Bone Mechanics in a Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"1","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/6529","article-title":"Transplantability and Therapeutic Effects of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Cells in Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"5","author":"Horwitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.5.1227","article-title":"Clinical Responses to Bone Marrow Transplantation in Children with Severe Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"97","author":"Horwitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.132252399","article-title":"Isolated Allogeneic Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Cells Engraft and Stimulate Growth in Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Implications for Cell Therapy of Bone","volume":"99","author":"Horwitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000159029.48678.93","article-title":"Fetal Mesenchymal Stem-Cell Engraftment in Bone After in Utero Transplantation in a Patient with Severe Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"79","author":"Gotherstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"255","article-title":"Pre- and Postnatal Transplantation of Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Two-Center Experience","volume":"3","author":"Westgren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2017.09.012","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Released from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Stimulate Bone Growth in Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"20","author":"Otsuru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.09.017","article-title":"Intrauterine Bone Marrow Transplantation in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Mice Yields Donor Osteoclasts and Osteomacs But Not Osteoblasts","volume":"5","author":"Millard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-018-0504-3","article-title":"Bone Marrow Transplantation for Treatment of the Col1a2+\/G610C Osteogenesis Imperfecta Mouse Model","volume":"104","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.1209","article-title":"Transfer of proalpha2(I) CDNA into Cells of a Murine Model of Human Osteogenesis Imperfecta Restores Synthesis of Type I Collagen Comprised of alpha1(I) and alpha2(I) Heterotrimers in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"83","author":"Niyibizi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302514","article-title":"Correction of a Mineralization Defect by Overexpression of a Wild-Type CDNA for COL1A1 in Marrow Stromal Cells (MSCs) from a Patient with Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Strategy for Rescuing Mutations That Produce Dominant-Negative Protein Defects","volume":"12","author":"Pochampally","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mt.6300339","article-title":"Gene Targeting of Mutant COL1A2 Alleles in Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Individuals with Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"16","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088757","article-title":"Gene Targeting in Stem Cells from Individuals with Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"303","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.209","article-title":"Normal Collagen and Bone Production by Gene-Targeted Human Osteogenesis Imperfecta IPSCs","volume":"20","author":"Deyle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2019.101453","article-title":"The Use of Simultaneous Reprogramming and Gene Correction to Generate an Osteogenesis Imperfecta Patient COL1A1 C. 3936 G>T IPSC Line and an Isogenic Control IPSC Line","volume":"38","author":"Howden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0410-7","article-title":"In Vitro Bone-Like Nodules Generated from Patient-Derived IPSCs Recapitulate Pathological Bone Phenotypes","volume":"3","author":"Kawai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.098","article-title":"Injectable nanoparticles\/Hydrogels Composite as Sustained Release System with Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1\u03b1 for Calvarial Bone Regeneration","volume":"101","author":"Mi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2013.05.003","article-title":"Recruitment of Exogenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis by the Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1\/Chemokine Receptor-4 Pathway in Rats","volume":"51","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11973","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05122","article-title":"Generation of Small RNA-Modulated Exosome Mimetics for Bone Regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2020.05.008","article-title":"Conditioned Media from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts under Cyclic Stretch Stimulation Promote Bone Healing in Mouse Calvarial Defects","volume":"22","author":"Ogisu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7231","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S88134","article-title":"Combination of Calcium Sulfate and Simvastatin-Controlled Release Microspheres Enhances Bone Repair in Critical-Sized Rat Calvarial Bone Defects","volume":"10","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0170","article-title":"Hydroxylapatite-collagen Hybrid Scaffold Induces Human adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Osteogenic Differentiation in Vitro and Bone Regrowth in Patients","volume":"9","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050407","article-title":"Canine Cranial Reconstruction Using Autologous Bone Marrow Stromal Cells","volume":"168","author":"Mankani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2017.0230","article-title":"Calvarial Defects: Cell-Based Reconstructive Strategies in the Murine Model","volume":"23","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514534689","article-title":"Stem Cells and Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-018-0032-9","article-title":"Advanced Smart Biomaterials and Constructs for Hard Tissue Engineering and Regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.31966","article-title":"Synthesis and Evaluation of BMMSC-Seeded BMP-6\/NHAG\/GMS Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2078","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Expression of SDF-1beta Synergizes with BMP-2 to Augment Cell-Mediated Healing of Critical-Sized Mouse Calvarial Defects","volume":"11","author":"Herberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tissue. Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e924666-1","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.924666","article-title":"A Composite Tissue Engineered Bone Material Consisting of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 (BMP9) Gene Lentiviral Vector, and P3HB4HB Thermogel (BMSCs-LV-BMP9-P3HB4HB) Repairs Calvarial Skull Defects in Rats by Expression of Osteogenic Factors","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01683-x","article-title":"Promising Advances in Clinical Trials of Dental Tissue-Derived Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine","volume":"11","author":"Yamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0183","article-title":"Cell-Based Therapies for Alveolar Bone and Periodontal Regeneration: Concise Review","volume":"8","author":"Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in Clinical Trials on Bone Regeneration in dentistry\u2014Towards an Innovative Development in Dental Implant Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Yamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-9264.2020.29","article-title":"Stem Cells and Periodontal Regeneration: Present and Future","volume":"2020","author":"Citterio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast. Aesthetic Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onizuka, S., and Iwata, T. (2019). Application of Periodontal Ligament-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Sheets for Periodontal Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112796"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Ruan, J., Weir, M., Ren, K., Schneider, A., Wang, P., Oates, T., Chang, X., and Xu, H. (2019). Periodontal Bone-Ligament-Cementum Regeneration via Scaffolds and Stem Cells. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8060537"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0734","article-title":"Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell-Mediated Treatment for Periodontitis in Miniature Swine","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12205","article-title":"Periodontal Ligament-Derived Cells for Periodontal Regeneration in Animal Models: A Systematic Review","volume":"50","author":"Bright","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.13.66","article-title":"Regeneration of Periodontal Tissues Using Allogeneic Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells in an Ovine Model","volume":"8","author":"Mrozik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-017-0295-4","article-title":"Treatment of Stage II Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw with Necrosectomy and Autologous Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"105","author":"Voss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24786","article-title":"The platelet-rich Plasma and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Milieu: A Review of Therapeutic Effects on Bone Healing","volume":"38","author":"Liebig","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/24\/9759\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:47:54Z","timestamp":1760179674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/24\/9759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"references-count":191,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21249759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21249759","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]}}}