{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:51:06Z","timestamp":1792086666977,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research and Innovation PON 2014 - 2020, Action I.1 \"Innovative PhDs with industrial characterization\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research and Innovation PON 2014 - 2020, Action I.1 \"Innovative PhDs with industrial characterization\u201d"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main reason why peritoneal dialysis (PD) still has limited use in the management of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) lies in the fact that the currently used glucose-based PD solutions are not completely biocompatible and determine, over time, the degeneration of the peritoneal membrane (PM) and consequent loss of ultrafiltration (UF). Here we evaluated the biocompatibility of a novel formulation of dialytic solutions, in which a substantial amount of glucose is replaced by two osmometabolic agents, xylitol and l-carnitine. The effect of this novel formulation on cell viability, the integrity of the mesothelial barrier and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated on human mesothelial cells grown on cell culture inserts and exposed to the PD solution only at the apical side, mimicking the condition of a PD dwell. The results were compared to those obtained after exposure to a panel of dialytic solutions commonly used in clinical practice. We report here compelling evidence that this novel formulation shows better performance in terms of higher cell viability, better preservation of the integrity of the mesothelial layer and reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This new formulation could represent a step forward towards obtaining PD solutions with high biocompatibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T22:56:45Z","timestamp":1608850605000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Novel Formulation of Glucose-Sparing Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions with l-Carnitine Improves Biocompatibility on Human Mesothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5692-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Piccapane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8466-6314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Bonomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, G. d\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0153-3795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2839-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Gerbino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Carmosino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Svelto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arduino","family":"Arduini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, CoreQuest Sagl, Technopole, 6928 Manno, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0043-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Procino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09410-0","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis","volume":"353","author":"Gokal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pereira, B.J.G., Sayegh, M.H., and Blake, P. (2004). Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation: Companion to Brenner and Rector\u2019s the Kidney, Elsevier Saunders. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016010112","article-title":"The Current State of Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"27","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfx149","article-title":"The European Renal Association\u2014European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry Annual Report 2015: A summary","volume":"11","author":"Kramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.99","article-title":"Peritoneal changes in patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis","volume":"9","author":"Krediet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V132470","article-title":"Morphologic Changes in the Peritoneal Membrane of Patients with Renal Disease","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2016.10.009","article-title":"Peritoneal Membrane Preservation","volume":"37","author":"Bajo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00180.x","article-title":"What really happens to people on long-term peritoneal dialysis?","volume":"54","author":"Davies","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013030314","article-title":"Independent Effects of Systemic and Peritoneal Inflammation on Peritoneal Dialysis Survival","volume":"24","author":"Lambie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.02.022","article-title":"Neutral pH and low\u2013glucose degradation product dialysis fluids induce major early alterations of the peritoneal membrane in children on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"94","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020809","article-title":"Peritoneal Dialysis and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition of Mesothelial Cells","volume":"348","author":"Selgas","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006111292","article-title":"Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Peritoneal Membrane Failure in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Pathologic Significance and Potential Therapeutic Interventions","volume":"18","author":"Aroeira","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2007.03.009","article-title":"Glucotoxicity in Peritoneal Dialysis\u2014Solutions for the Solution!","volume":"14","author":"Holmes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-017-1647-2","article-title":"Icodextrin and peritoneal dialysis: Advantages and new applications","volume":"50","author":"Dousdampanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.10.004","article-title":"Icodextrin Versus Glucose Solutions for the Once-Daily Long Dwell in Peritoneal Dialysis: An Enriched Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"75","author":"Goossen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080802803s19","article-title":"Icodextrin and Intraperitoneal Inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Moriishi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.12.003","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis and inflammation","volume":"430","author":"Velloso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"192","article-title":"The nutritional\/metabolic and hormonal effects of 8 weeks of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with a 1% amino acid solution","volume":"33","author":"Arfeen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartosova, M., and Schmitt, C.P. (2019). Biocompatible Peritoneal Dialysis: The Target Is Still Way Off. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01853"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonomini, M., Zammit, V., Divino-Filho, J.C., Davies, S.J., Di Liberato, L., Arduini, A., and Lambie, M. (2020). The osmo-metabolic approach: A novel and tantalizing glucose-sparing strategy in peritoneal dialysis. J. Nephrol., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00804-2"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S117078","article-title":"Effect of peritoneal dialysis fluid containing osmo-metabolic agents on human endothelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Bonomini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonomini, M., Di Liberato, L., Zammit, V., and Arduini, A. (2019). Current Opinion on Usage of L-Carnitine in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24193449"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.117","article-title":"l-Carnitine is an osmotic agent suitable for peritoneal dialysis","volume":"80","author":"Bonomini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.04.007","article-title":"Effect of an l-Carnitine\u2013Containing Peritoneal Dialysate on Insulin Sensitivity in Patients Treated With CAPD: A 4-Month, Prospective, Multicenter Randomized Trial","volume":"62","author":"Bonomini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200371","article-title":"Health potential of polyols as sugar replacers, with emphasis on low glycaemic properties","volume":"16","author":"Livesey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"280","article-title":"Xylitol as osmotic agent in CAPD: An alternative to glucose for uremic diabetic patients?","volume":"28","author":"Bazzato","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bensinger, S.J., Walsh, P.T., Zhang, J., Carroll, M., Parsons, R., Rathmell, J.C., Thompson, C.B., Burchill, M.A., Farrar, M.A., and Turka, L.A. (2004). Distinct IL-2 Receptor Signaling Pattern in CD4 + CD25 + Regulatory T Cells. J. Immunol., 172.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.9.5287"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson, U., Walther-Jallow, L., Hofmann, A., and Spetz, A.L. (2011). Dendritic cells are able to produce IL-12p70 after uptake of apoptotic cells. Immunobiology, 216.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2010.04.003"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco, P., Palucka, A.K., Pascual, V., and Banchereau, J. (2008). Dendritic cells and cytokines in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 19.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2007.10.004"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"121","article-title":"CXCL10\/IP-10 in infectious diseases pathogenesis and potential therapeutic implications","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2013.837886","article-title":"Targeting CCL5 in inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Marques","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar-Singh, S., Weyler, J., Martin, M.J.H., Vermeulen, P.B., and Van Marck, E. (1999). Angiogenic cytokines in mesothelioma: A study of VEGF, FGF-1 and -2, and TGF\u03b2 expression. J. Pathol., 189.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<72::AID-PATH401>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05720809","article-title":"Biocompatible peritoneal dialysis solutions: Do we have one?","volume":"5","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(03)00421-9","article-title":"A 3-year, prospective, randomized, controlled study on amino acid dialysate in patients on CAPD","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.08807.x","article-title":"In vitro biocompatibility performance of Physioneal","volume":"64","author":"Hoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080002002S04","article-title":"Effect of high glucose on peritoneal mesothelial cell biology","volume":"20","author":"Ha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00491.x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species amplify protein kinase C signaling in high glucose-induced fibronectin expression by human peritoneal mesothelial cells","volume":"65","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V11111969","article-title":"Effect of Glucose on Intercellular Junctions of Cultured Human Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells","volume":"11","author":"Ito","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh814","article-title":"Glucose degradation products downregulate ZO-1 expression in human peritoneal mesothelial cells: The role of VEGF","volume":"20","author":"Leung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9469498","article-title":"Effect of glucose concentration, osmolality, and sterilization process of peritoneal dialysis fluids on cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear cell functions in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Cendoroglo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00883.x","article-title":"Glucose-mediated induction of TGF-\u03b21 and MCP-1 in mesothelial cells in vitro is osmolality and polyol pathway dependent","volume":"63","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.12.026","article-title":"Acetylcholine and acetylcarnitine transport in peritoneum: Role of the SLC22A4 (OCTN1) transporter","volume":"1858","author":"Pochini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-1672","article-title":"\u03b17-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Affect Growth Regulation of Human Mesothelioma Cells","volume":"64","author":"Trombino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"214","article-title":"Acetylcholine Is Synthesized by and Acts as an Autocrine Growth Factor for Small Cell Lung Carcinoma","volume":"63","author":"Song","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1728","article-title":"Acetylcholine is an autocrine or paracrine hormone synthesized and secreted by airway bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"145","author":"Proskocil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0304","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory pathway regulated via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat intestinal mesothelial cells","volume":"79","author":"Mihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.16404","article-title":"The Protective Effect of Alpha 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation on Critical Illness and Its Mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-008-0032-y","article-title":"Peritoneal damage by peritoneal dialysis solutions","volume":"12","author":"Ito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.378","article-title":"Enhanced paracellular barrier function of rat mesothelial cells partially protects against cancer cell penetration","volume":"74","author":"Tobioka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito, T., Yorioka, N., Kyuden, Y., Asakimori, Y., Kiribayashi, K., Ogawa, T., and Kohno, N. (2003). Effect of glucose polymer on the intercellular junctions of cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells. Nephron Clin. Pract., 93.","DOI":"10.1159\/000069547"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080102103S13","article-title":"The Problem of the High Transporter: Is Survival Decreased?","volume":"21","year":"2001","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selgas, R., Bajo, A., Jim\u00e9nez-Heffernan, J.A., S\u00e1nchez-Tomero, J.A., del Peso, G., Aguilera, A., and L\u00f3pez-Cabrera, M. (2006). Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the mesothelial cell\u2014Its role in the response of the peritoneum to dialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 21.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl183"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, S., Lu, Y., Li, Y., Gao, L., Shen, H., and Song, K. (2018). Hydrogen sulfide inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in peritoneal mesothelial cells. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21807-x"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, K.H., Jung, J.Y., Yoon, M.O., Song, A., Lee, H., Ro, H., Hwang, Y.H., Kim, D.K., Margetts, P., and Ahn, C. (2010). Intra-peritoneal interleukin-6 system is a potent determinant of the baseline peritoneal solute transport in incident peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 25.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp670"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witowski, J., J\u00f6rres, A., Coles, G.A., Williams, J.D., and Topley, N. (1996). Superinduction of IL-6 synthesis in human peritoneal mesothelial cells is related to the induction and stabilization of IL-6 mRNA. Kidney Int., 50.","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.430"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-1433.2004.03220.x","article-title":"Peritoneal mesothelial cells produce inflammatory related cytokines","volume":"74","author":"Yao","year":"2004","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.33","article-title":"IL-17A is a novel player in dialysis-induced peritoneal damage","volume":"86","author":"Aroeira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liappas, G., Gonz\u00e1lez-Mateo, G.T., S\u00e1nchez-D\u00edaz, R., Lazcano, J.J., Lasarte, S., Matesanz-Mar\u00edn, A., Zur, R., Ferrantelli, E., Ram\u00edrez, L.G., and Aguilera, A. (2016). Immune-regulatory molecule CD69 controls peritoneal fibrosis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 27.","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015080909"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vila Cuenca, M., Keuning, E.D., Talhout, W., Paauw, N.J., van Ittersum, F.J., ter Wee, P.M., Beelen, R.H.J., Vervloet, M.G., and Ferrantelli, E. (2018). Differences in peritoneal response after exposure to low-GDP bicarbonate\/lactate-buffered dialysis solution compared to conventional dialysis solution in a uremic mouse model. Int. Urol. Nephrol., 50.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-1872-3"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visser, C.E., Tekstra, J., Brouwer-Steenbergen, J.J.E., Tuk, C.W., Boorsma, D.M., Sampat-Sardjoepersad, S.C., Meijer, S., Krediet, R.T., and Beelen, R.H.J. (1998). Chemokines produced by mesothelial cells: huGRO-\u03b1, IP-10, MCP-1 and RANTES. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 112.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00592.x"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00174.x","article-title":"Leukocyte migration across human peritoneal mesothelial cells is dependent on directed chemokine secretion and ICAM-1 expression","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.08.011","article-title":"Mesenchymal conversion of mesothelial cells as a mechanism responsible for high solute transport rate in peritoneal dialysis: Role of vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"46","author":"Aroeira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V12122787","article-title":"Glucose and prednisolone alter basic fibroblast growth factor expression in peritoneal mesothelial cells and fibroblasts","volume":"12","author":"Ogata","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2009.10.004","article-title":"Platelet derived growth factor B and epithelial mesenchymal transition of peritoneal mesothelial cells","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misra, P.S., Nessim, S.J., and Perl, J. (2017). \u201cBiocompatible\u201d Neutral pH Low-GDP Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions: Much Ado About Nothing?. Semin. Dial., 30.","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12579"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.04.014","article-title":"Is the peritoneal dialysis biocompatibility hypothesis dead?","volume":"94","author":"Blake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/1\/123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:45:50Z","timestamp":1760179550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/1\/123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22010123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22010123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]}}}