{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:36:49Z","timestamp":1776825409406,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) plays a key role in regulating nutrient metabolism and appetite responses. This study aimed to identify changes in the GIT that are important in the development of diet related obesity and diabetes. GIT samples were obtained from C57BL\/6J male mice chronically fed a control diet or a high sucrose diet (HSD) and analysed for changes in gene, protein and metabolite levels. In HSD mice, GIT expression levels of fat oxidation genes were reduced, and increased de novo lipogenesis was evident in ileum. Gene expression levels of the putative sugar sensor, slc5a4a and slc5a4b, and fat sensor, cd36, were downregulated in the small intestines of HSD mice. In HSD mice, there was also evidence of bacterial overgrowth and a lipopolysaccharide activated inflammatory pathway involving inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In Caco-2 cells, sucrose significantly increased the expression levels of the nos2, iNOS and nitric oxide (NO) gas levels. In conclusion, sucrose fed induced obesity\/diabetes is associated with changes in GI macronutrient sensing, appetite regulation and nutrient metabolism and intestinal microflora. These may be important drivers, and thus therapeutic targets, of diet-related metabolic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T22:56:45Z","timestamp":1608850605000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Chronic Effects of a High Sucrose Diet on Murine Gastrointestinal Nutrient Sensor Gene and Protein Expression Levels and Lipid Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9692-8019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King\u2019s College London, Room 3.114, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King\u2019s College London, Room 3.114, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Ganpathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King\u2019s College London, Room 3.114, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Pitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King\u2019s College London, Room 3.114, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King\u2019s College London, Room 3.114, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King\u2019s College London, Room 3.114, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei Ying","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King\u2019s College London, Room 3.114, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7728-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott V.","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, Elizabeth Avenue, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King\u2019s College London, Room 3.114, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor R.","family":"Preedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King\u2019s College London, Room 3.114, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas A. B.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King\u2019s College London, Room 3.114, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1994-8312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Corpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King\u2019s College London, Room 3.114, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarolimova, J., Tagoni, J., and Stern, T.A. (2013). Obesity: Its epidemiology, comorbidities, and management. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord., 15.","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.12f01475"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","article-title":"Obesity: Global epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Bluher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened Beverage Consumption among U.S. Adults, 2011\u20132014","volume":"270","author":"Rosinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E65","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd11.130304","article-title":"Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among US adults in 6 states: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0249-7","article-title":"Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Child Health: Implications for Policy","volume":"7","author":"Momin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.058362","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Malik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1079","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Malik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.11.008","article-title":"Comparison of 5% versus 15% sucrose intakes as part of a eucaloric diet in overweight and obese subjects: Effects on insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, vascular compliance, body composition and lipid profile. A randomised controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1345-3","article-title":"Controversies about sugars: Results from systematic reviews and meta-analyses on obesity, cardiometabolic disease and diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g4310","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4310","article-title":"Halve sugar intake to 5% of daily calories, says advisory group","volume":"348","author":"Limb","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.048","article-title":"How and why do gastrointestinal peptides influence food intake?","volume":"193","author":"Woods","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30227","article-title":"Gastrointestinal regulation of food intake","volume":"117","author":"Cummings","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0465","article-title":"Secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies","volume":"36","author":"Calanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2841-0","article-title":"Secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analyses of clinical studies","volume":"56","author":"Calanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0523","article-title":"Nutrient-sensing mechanisms in the gut as therapeutic targets for diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Breen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68216-7","article-title":"Offspring of obese mice display enhanced intake and sensitivity for palatable stimuli, with altered expression of taste signaling elements","volume":"10","author":"Choo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06852","article-title":"Upper intestinal lipids trigger a gut-brain-liver axis to regulate glucose production","volume":"452","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6125583","article-title":"The role of intestinal bacteria overgrowth in obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"6","author":"Ferolla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1239-9","article-title":"Small intestinal clustered contractions and bacterial overgrowth: A frequent finding in obese patients","volume":"56","author":"Madrid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2015.1086020","article-title":"Macronutrient intakes in obese subjects with or without small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: An alimentary survey","volume":"51","author":"Ierardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"G383","article-title":"Constitutive expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the mouse ileal mucosa","volume":"272","author":"Hoffman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.737940","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated iNOS Induction Is Increased by Glucosamine under Normal Glucose Conditions but Is Inhibited by Glucosamine under High Glucose Conditions in Macrophage Cells","volume":"292","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(99)00162-0","article-title":"NO reduces PMN adhesion to human vascular endothelial cells due to downregulation of ICAM-1 mRNA and surface expression","volume":"97","author":"Lindemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-30","article-title":"Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in an in-vitro model of brain inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Wilms","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiso, M., and Schechter, A.N. (2015). Nitrate reduction to nitrite, nitric oxide and ammonia by gut bacteria under physiological conditions. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127490"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i281","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjh224","article-title":"The nitric oxide-cyclic GMP cascade in sugar receptor cells of the blowfly, Phormia regina","volume":"30","author":"Nakamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(92)90018-K","article-title":"Competitive antagonism of nitric oxide synthetase causes weight loss in mice","volume":"51","author":"Morley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12661","article-title":"Microbiota in obesity: Interactions with enteroendocrine, immune and central nervous systems","volume":"19","author":"Mulders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"261","article-title":"Decreased activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase type 2 and modulation of the expression of glutathione S-transferase alpha, bcl-2, and metallothioneins during the differentiation of CaCo-2 cells","volume":"8","author":"Vecchini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.02.003","article-title":"Role of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell on the acquisition and expression of fructose-conditioned flavor-flavor preferences in rats","volume":"190","author":"Bernal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.02.145","article-title":"Effect of glucose and fructose on food intake via malonyl-CoA signaling in the brain","volume":"382","author":"Lane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2011.01.008","article-title":"Sucrose induces fatty liver and pancreatic inflammation in male breeder rats independent of excess energy intake","volume":"60","author":"Lanaspa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.02.012","article-title":"High-fructose corn syrup causes characteristics of obesity in rats: Increased body weight, body fat and triglyceride levels","volume":"97","author":"Bocarsly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1343","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00468.2009","article-title":"Dietary fructose accelerates the development of diabetes in UCD-T2DM rats: Amelioration by the antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid","volume":"298","author":"Cummings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, A.M., Linhares, B.S., Dias Novaes, R., Freitas, M.B., Sarandy, M.M., and Goncalves, R.V. (2020). Effects of the amount and type of carbohydrates used in type 2 diabetes diets in animal models: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233364"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.3.690S","article-title":"Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates\u2014From molecules and membranes to humans","volume":"59","author":"Levin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000175290","article-title":"The influence in male baboons, of a high sucrose diet on the portal and arterial levels of glucose and fructose following a sucrose meal","volume":"12","author":"Crossley","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1814","article-title":"Sugar, uric acid, and the etiology of diabetes and obesity","volume":"62","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taskinen, M.R., Packard, C.J., and Boren, J. (2019). Dietary Fructose and the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11091987"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.12.016","article-title":"The Small Intestine Converts Dietary Fructose into Glucose and Organic Acids","volume":"27","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31646","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200544200","article-title":"Fasting and postprandial overproduction of intestinally derived lipoproteins in an animal model of insulin resistance. Evidence that chronic fructose feeding in the hamster is accompanied by enhanced intestinal de novo lipogenesis and ApoB48-containing lipoprotein overproduction","volume":"277","author":"Haidari","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.5.1033","article-title":"Effect of sucrose on intestinal very low-density lipoprotein production","volume":"33","author":"Kelly","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.019","article-title":"Fructose and sugar: A major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2004.04.005","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in hepatic steatosis","volume":"8","author":"Bradbury","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.03.001","article-title":"A fatty gut feeling","volume":"24","author":"Piomelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01921","article-title":"Oleylethanolamide regulates feeding and body weight through activation of the nuclear receptor PPAR-alpha","volume":"425","author":"Fu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361895","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/361895","article-title":"Fatty Acid modulation of the endocannabinoid system and the effect on food intake and metabolism","volume":"2013","author":"Naughton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000396","article-title":"Luminal chemosensing in the gastroduodenal mucosa","volume":"33","author":"Kaji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02519G","article-title":"The effect of taste and taste perception on satiation\/satiety: A review","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085029","article-title":"Taste and move: Glucose and peptide transporters in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"100","author":"Daniel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086042","article-title":"Putative tissue location and function of the SLC5 family member SGLT3","volume":"102","author":"Sotak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.070086","article-title":"Role of amino acid transporters in amino acid sensing","volume":"99","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.06.006","article-title":"Participants with pharmacologically impaired taste function seek out more intense, higher calorie stimuli","volume":"117","author":"Noel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.112300","article-title":"Reduced dietary intake of simple sugars alters perceived sweet taste intensity but not perceived pleasantness","volume":"103","author":"Wise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520843113","article-title":"Taste cell-expressed alpha-glucosidase enzymes contribute to gustatory responses to disaccharides","volume":"113","author":"Sukumaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00139.2017","article-title":"Sugar sensor genes in the murine gastrointestinal tract display a cephalocaudal axis of expression and a diurnal rhythm","volume":"50","author":"Hewett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.155","article-title":"Recent fat intake modulates fat taste sensitivity in lean and overweight subjects","volume":"36","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, C., Passilly-Degrace, P., Gaillard, D., Merlin, J.F., Chevrot, M., and Besnard, P. (2011). The lipid-sensor candidates CD36 and GPR120 are differentially regulated by dietary lipids in mouse taste buds: Impact on spontaneous fat preference. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024014"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2010.09.007","article-title":"Decreased expression of CD36 in circumvallate taste buds of high-fat diet induced obese rats","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36235","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M400566200","article-title":"A novel function for fatty acid translocase (FAT)\/CD36: Involvement in long chain fatty acid transfer into the mitochondria","volume":"279","author":"Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00053","article-title":"High fat feeding affects the number of GPR120 cells and enteroendocrine cells in the mouse stomach","volume":"6","author":"Widmayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.10.2546","article-title":"Low plasma ghrelin is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Poykko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.222","article-title":"The cellular and molecular bases of leptin and ghrelin resistance in obesity","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21253","article-title":"Altered intestinal neuroendocrine gene expression in humans with obesity","volume":"23","author":"Ritze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834eb77d","article-title":"Cholecystokinin","volume":"19","author":"Dockray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritze, Y., Bardos, G., D\u2019Haese, J.G., Ernst, B., Thurnheer, M., Schultes, B., and Bischoff, S.C. (2014). Effect of high sugar intake on glucose transporter and weight regulating hormones in mice and humans. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101702"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.7.2319","article-title":"Cholecystokinin\u2014A receptors are involved in food intake suppression in rats after intake of all fats and carbohydrates tested","volume":"133","author":"Bellissimo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2015.06.006","article-title":"High fat diet impairs the function of glucagon-like peptide-1 producing L-cells","volume":"77","author":"Richards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02427280","article-title":"Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Nauck","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S290","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-s271","article-title":"Is type 2 diabetes an operable intestinal disease? A provocative yet reasonable hypothesis","volume":"31","author":"Rubino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv004","article-title":"Obesity and the gastrointestinal microbiota: A review of associations and mechanisms","volume":"73","author":"Graham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with functional gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"135","author":"Madrid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Child"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"530","article-title":"Chronic diarrhoea and diabetes mellitus: Prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth","volume":"24","author":"Tielmans","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0585-0","article-title":"Anxiety, Depression, and the Microbiome: A Role for Gut Peptides","volume":"15","author":"Lach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26093","article-title":"Characterization of gut microbiomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: A connection between endogenous alcohol and NASH","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-9-1","article-title":"LPS induced inflammatory responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells is mediated through NOX4 and Gialpha dependent PI-3kinase signalling","volume":"9","author":"Ngkelo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G155","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00139.2007","article-title":"Protein kinases, TNF-\u03b1, and proteasome contribute in the inhibition of fructose intestinal transport by sepsis in vivo","volume":"294","author":"Marca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22859","article-title":"Nitric oxide involved in the IL-1beta-induced inhibition of fructose intestinal transport","volume":"111","author":"Guillen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"R164","article-title":"Effect of competitive antagonism of NO synthetase on weight and food intake in obese and diabetic mice","volume":"266","author":"Morley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)00276-O","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase inhibition and food intake: Effects on motivation to eat and in female mice","volume":"50","author":"Morley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, P., and Corpe, C.P. (2016). Acute Effects of Sugars and Artificial Sweeteners on Small Intestinal Sugar Transport: A Study Using CaCo-2 Cells As an In Vitro Model of the Human Enterocyte. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167785"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00844-4","article-title":"The receptors for mammalian sweet and umami taste","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.107.1.213","article-title":"Differential expression of sucrase-isomaltase in clones isolated from early and late passages of the cell line Caco-2: Evidence for glucose-dependent negative regulation","volume":"107 Pt 1","author":"Chantret","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.05.003","article-title":"Attenuation of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and hepatic oxidative stress by resveratrol in fructose-fed rats","volume":"66","author":"Bagul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.026","article-title":"Resveratrol prevents high-fructose corn syrup-induced vascular insulin resistance and dysfunction in rats","volume":"60","author":"Babacanoglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000551","article-title":"The mechanisms underlying fructose-induced hypertension: A review","volume":"33","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7281","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401516101","article-title":"Deficiency of carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) reduces lipogenesis as well as glycolysis","volume":"101","author":"Iizuka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dotimas, J.R., Lee, A.W., Schmider, A.B., Carroll, S.H., Shah, A., Bilen, J., Elliott, K.R., Myers, R.B., Soberman, R.J., and Yoshioka, J. (2016). Diabetes regulates fructose absorption through thioredoxin-interacting protein. Elife, 5.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18313"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45803-x","article-title":"Identification of the fructose transporter GLUT5 (SLC2A5) as a novel target of nuclear receptor LXR","volume":"9","author":"Zwarts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40732","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.399899","article-title":"Uric acid induces hepatic steatosis by generation of mitochondrial oxidative stress: Potential role in fructose-dependent and -independent fatty liver","volume":"287","author":"Lanaspa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanaspa, M.A., Sanchez-Lozada, L.G., Cicerchi, C., Li, N., Roncal-Jimenez, C.A., Ishimoto, T., Le, M., Garcia, G.E., Thomas, J.B., and Rivard, C.J. (2012). Uric acid stimulates fructokinase and accelerates fructose metabolism in the development of fatty liver. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047948"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanaspa, M.A., Cicerchi, C., Garcia, G., Li, N., Roncal-Jimenez, C.A., Rivard, C.J., Hunter, B., Andres-Hernando, A., Ishimoto, T., and Sanchez-Lozada, L.G. (2012). Counteracting roles of AMP deaminase and AMP kinase in the development of fatty liver. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048801"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/1\/137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:45:58Z","timestamp":1760179558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/1\/137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22010137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22010137","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]]}}}