{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:48:59Z","timestamp":1788994139627,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 109-2313-B-037-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2313-B-037-001"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 108-2314-B-037-088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2314-B-037-088"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST108-2314-B-037-051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST108-2314-B-037-051"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["109-2314-B-037-069-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-037-069-MY3"]}]},{"name":"the Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Taiwan","award":["KMHK-106-022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMHK-106-022"]}]},{"name":"the Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Taiwan","award":["KMHK-107-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMHK-107-008"]}]},{"name":"the Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Taiwan","award":["KMHK-108-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMHK-108-032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Curcumin is one of the most valuable natural products due to its pharmacological activities. However, the low bioavailability of curcumin has long been a problem for its medicinal use. Large studies have been conducted to improve the use of curcumin; among these studies, curcumin metabolites have become a relatively new research focus over the past few years. Additionally, accumulating evidence suggests that curcumin or curcuminoid metabolites have similar or better biological activity than the precursor of curcumin. Recent studies focus on the protective role of plasma tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), a main metabolite of curcumin, against tumors and chronic inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, studies of THC in eye diseases have not yet been conducted. Since ophthalmic conditions play a crucial role in worldwide public health, the prevention and treatment of ophthalmic diseases are of great concern. Therefore, the present study investigated the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and neuroprotective effects of THC on four major ocular diseases: age-related cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). While this study aimed to show curcumin as a promising potential solution for eye conditions and discusses the involved mechanistic pathways, further work is required for the clinical application of curcumin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T10:33:56Z","timestamp":1609151636000},"page":"212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Curcumin Metabolite Tetrahydrocurcumin in the Treatment of Eye Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yu-Wen","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Kai","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff Yi-Fu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7022-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Ling","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1825-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Yen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1990-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Suan","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7307-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Chih","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"The Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1240-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai-Chun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapa, R., Bajimaya, S., Paudyal, G., Khanal, S., Tan, S., Thapa, S.S., and van Rens, G. 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