{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T01:59:48Z","timestamp":1785376788794,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been reported that growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) exert protective and regenerative actions in response to neural damage. It is also known that these peptides are expressed locally in nervous tissues. When the central nervous system (CNS) is exposed to hypoxia-ischemia (HI), both GH and IGF-1 are upregulated in several brain areas. In this study, we explored the neuroprotective effects of GH and IGF-1 administration as well as the involvement of these endogenously expressed hormones in embryonic chicken cerebellar cell cultures exposed to an acute HI injury. To induce neural damage, primary cultures were first incubated under hypoxic-ischemic (&lt;5% O2, 1g\/L glucose) conditions for 12 h (HI), and then incubated under normal oxygenation and glucose conditions (HI + Ox) for another 24 h. GH and IGF-1 were added either during or after HI, and their effect upon cell viability, apoptosis, or necrosis was evaluated. In comparison with normal controls (Nx, 100%), a significant decrease of cell viability (54.1 \u00b1 2.1%) and substantial increases in caspase-3 activity (178.6 \u00b1 8.7%) and LDH release (538.7 \u00b1 87.8%) were observed in the HI + Ox group. On the other hand, both GH and IGF-1 treatments after injury (HI + Ox) significantly increased cell viability (77.2 \u00b1 4.3% and 72.3 \u00b1 3.9%, respectively) and decreased both caspase-3 activity (118.2 \u00b1 3.8% and 127.5 \u00b1 6.6%, respectively) and LDH release (180.3 \u00b1 21.8% and 261.6 \u00b1 33.9%, respectively). Incubation under HI + Ox conditions provoked an important increase in the local expression of GH (3.2-fold) and IGF-1 (2.5-fold) mRNAs. However, GH gene silencing with a specific small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) decreased both GH and IGF-1 mRNA expression (1.7-fold and 0.9-fold, respectively) in the HI + Ox group, indicating that GH regulates IGF-1 expression under these incubation conditions. In addition, GH knockdown significantly reduced cell viability (35.9 \u00b1 2.1%) and substantially increased necrosis, as determined by LDH release (1011 \u00b1 276.6%). In contrast, treatments with GH and IGF-1 stimulated a partial recovery of cell viability (45.2 \u00b1 3.7% and 53.7 \u00b1 3.2%) and significantly diminished the release of LDH (320.1 \u00b1 25.4% and 421.7 \u00b1 62.2%), respectively. Our results show that GH, either exogenously administered and\/or locally expressed, can act as a neuroprotective factor in response to hypoxic-ischemic injury, and that this effect may be mediated, at least partially, through IGF-1 expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T10:04:46Z","timestamp":1609236286000},"page":"256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Neuroprotective Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Type 1 (IGF-1) after Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Chicken Cerebellar Cell Cultures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Rosario","family":"Baltazar-Lara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"\u00c1vila-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos G.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Carranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Pech-Pool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9019-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"D\u00edaz-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1409-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maricela","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6235-8695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Ar\u00e1mburo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurobiolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiolog\u00eda, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220667","article-title":"Growth hormone action on proliferation and differentiation of cerebral cortical cells from fetal rat","volume":"144","author":"Ajo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000262529","article-title":"Role of the growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis in neurogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Aberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. 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