{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:55:09Z","timestamp":1790776509770,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK105118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK105118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK114126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK114126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDMRP BC191198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDMRP BC191198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda&amp;#x00E7;&amp;#x00E3;o de Amparo &amp;#x00E0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&amp;#x00E3;o Paulo","award":["2018\/21584-4 and #2019\/02583-0)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/21584-4 and #2019\/02583-0)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which differ in the location and lesion extensions. Both diseases are associated with microbiota dysbiosis, with a reduced population of butyrate-producing species, abnormal inflammatory response, and micronutrient deficiency (e.g., vitamin D hypovitaminosis). Vitamin D (VitD) is involved in immune cell differentiation, gut microbiota modulation, gene transcription, and barrier integrity. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulates the biological actions of the active VitD (1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), and is involved in the genetic, environmental, immune, and microbial aspects of IBD. VitD deficiency is correlated with disease activity and its administration targeting a concentration of 30 ng\/mL may have the potential to reduce disease activity. Moreover, VDR regulates functions of T cells and Paneth cells and modulates release of antimicrobial peptides in gut microbiota-host interactions. Meanwhile, beneficial microbial metabolites, e.g., butyrate, upregulate the VDR signaling. In this review, we summarize the clinical progress and mechanism studies on VitD\/VDR related to gut microbiota modulation in IBD. We also discuss epigenetics in IBD and the probiotic regulation of VDR. Furthermore, we discuss the existing challenges and future directions. There is a lack of well-designed clinical trials exploring the appropriate dose and the influence of gender, age, ethnicity, genetics, microbiome, and metabolic disorders in IBD subtypes. To move forward, we need well-designed therapeutic studies to examine whether enhanced vitamin D will restore functions of VDR and microbiome in inhibiting chronic inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T10:10:37Z","timestamp":1609409437000},"page":"362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Vitamin D Modulates Intestinal Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6109-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Battistini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Food Research Center, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua do Lago, 250, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-080, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Ballan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Food Research Center, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua do Lago, 250, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-080, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9298-6177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Edgar","family":"Herkenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Food Research Center, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua do Lago, 250, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-080, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9682-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana Marta Isay","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Food Research Center, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua do Lago, 250, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-080, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7465-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UIC Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AGA Patient Information Section (2017). Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 15, A21.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(17)30640-7"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30333-4","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Alatab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31711-1","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"389","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"389","author":"Ungaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.016","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses","volume":"157","author":"Piovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315866","article-title":"Evolving role of diet in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"67","author":"Levine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15342-5","article-title":"Colonic microbiota is associated with inflammation and host epigenomic alterations in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0213-6","article-title":"Microbial genes and pathways in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Schirmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1671822","article-title":"Microbiota and mucosal defense in IBD: An update","volume":"13","author":"Stange","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0965-1","article-title":"A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota","volume":"568","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2943-4","article-title":"An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities","volume":"76","author":"Adak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2019.1580682","article-title":"The human-microbiome superorganism and its modulation to restore health","volume":"70","author":"Salvucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.05.010","article-title":"A prospective analysis of micronutrient status in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"40","author":"MacMaster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15506","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Association of vitamin D status with clinical outcomes in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"50","author":"Gubatan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2020.1775580","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in inflammatory bowel disease: A guide for clinical practice","volume":"14","author":"Myint","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.186","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of IBD: Current state of the art","volume":"13","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C109.071225","article-title":"Direct and indirect induction by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of the NOD2\/CARD15-defensin beta2 innate immune pathway defective in Crohn disease","volume":"285","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11582","article-title":"Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"491","author":"Jostins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3359","article-title":"Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7097","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i44.7097","article-title":"Associations between NOD2\/CARD15 genotype and phenotype in Crohn\u2019s disease--Are we there yet?","volume":"12","author":"Pandeya","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1825","article-title":"Enteric defensins are essential regulators of intestinal microbial ecology","volume":"11","author":"Salzman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66562-2","article-title":"Nod2 and Crohn\u2019s disease: Many connected highways","volume":"365","author":"Meinzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.88","article-title":"Gut microbiota and IBD: Causation or correlation?","volume":"14","author":"Ni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.29","article-title":"NOD2, an intracellular innate immune sensor involved in host defense and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Strober","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-014-0107-1","article-title":"Complex host genetics influence the microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"6","author":"Knights","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.64","article-title":"Reprograming of gut microbiome energy metabolism by the FUT2 Crohn\u2019s disease risk polymorphism","volume":"8","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.26337","article-title":"Genetic association and functional role of Crohn disease risk alleles involved in microbial sensing, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress","volume":"9","author":"Hoefkens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33969","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M004062200","article-title":"Characterization of luminal paneth cell alpha-defensins in mouse small intestine. Attenuated antimicrobial activities of peptides with truncated amino termini","volume":"275","author":"Ouellette","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa218","article-title":"Vitamin D-regulated gene expression profiles: Species-specificity and cell-specific effects on metabolism and immunity","volume":"162","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307436","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial vitamin D receptor deletion leads to defective autophagy in colitis","volume":"64","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.004","article-title":"Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life","volume":"17","author":"Backhed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sender, R., Fuchs, S., and Milo, R. (2016). Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body. PLoS Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/036103"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"237ra265","article-title":"The placenta harbors a unique microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Aagaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107","article-title":"Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns","volume":"107","author":"Costello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0617-x","article-title":"Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study","volume":"562","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303249","article-title":"Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by caesarean section","volume":"63","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223490","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system","volume":"336","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01212","article-title":"Effector T Helper Cell Subsets in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Imam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.01.016","article-title":"Mucosal Expression of Type 2 and Type 17 Immune Response Genes Distinguishes Ulcerative Colitis from Colon-Only Crohn\u2019s Disease in Treatment-Naive Pediatric Patients","volume":"152","author":"Rosen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2018-0036","article-title":"Immune response and inflammatory pathway of ulcerative colitis","volume":"30","author":"Chatuphonprasert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.054","article-title":"The commensal microbiota and enteropathogens in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"140","author":"Chassaing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coufal, S., Galanova, N., Bajer, L., Gajdarova, Z., Schierova, D., Zakostelska, Z.J., Kostovcikova, K., Jackova, Z., Stehlikova, Z., and Drastich, P. (2019). Inflammatory Bowel Disease Types Differ in Markers of Inflammation, Gut Barrier and in Specific Anti-Bacterial Response. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070719"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2653","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb13630.x","article-title":"Absence of 6-hydroxydopamine in the rat brain after treatment with stimulants and other dopaminergic agents: A mass fragmentographic study","volume":"61","author":"Karoum","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199902000-00004","article-title":"Abnormalities in mucin gene expression in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Buisine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431231","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/431231","article-title":"Mucosal barrier in ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"2013","author":"Dorofeyev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303207","article-title":"Bacteria penetrate the normally impenetrable inner colon mucus layer in both murine colitis models and patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"63","author":"Johansson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.065557","article-title":"Genetic basis for increased intestinal permeability in families with Crohn\u2019s disease: Role of CARD15 3020insC mutation?","volume":"55","author":"Buhner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-011-1345-y","article-title":"The JAK2 variant rs10758669 in Crohn\u2019s disease: Altering the intestinal barrier as one mechanism of action","volume":"27","author":"Prager","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.98","article-title":"MUC1 and MUC13 differentially regulate epithelial inflammation in response to inflammatory and infectious stimuli","volume":"6","author":"Sheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-010-0368-4","article-title":"Comparison of the fecal microbiota profiles between ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis","volume":"46","author":"Andoh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.11.003","article-title":"The microbiome and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"145","author":"Glassner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.06.003","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health","volume":"16","author":"Miquel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy258","article-title":"Clinical Potential of Anti-inflammatory Effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Butyrate in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"25","author":"Sitkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-318131","article-title":"Gut mucosal virome alterations in ulcerative colitis","volume":"68","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9424-1","article-title":"The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Holick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101377","DOI":"10.11131\/2018\/101377","article-title":"Regulation of Microbiota by Vitamin D Receptor: A Nuclear Weapon in Metabolic Diseases","volume":"5","author":"Bakke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Receptor. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.05.010","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated actions of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)vitamin D(3): Genomic and non-genomic mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Haussler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.09.002","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor is a novel transcriptional regulator for Axin1","volume":"165","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"97","article-title":"Lack of Vitamin D Receptor Leads to Hyperfunction of Claudin-2 in Intestinal Inflammatory Responses","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10642","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10642","article-title":"Tight junction CLDN2 gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3695","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis identifies variation in vitamin D receptor and other host factors influencing the gut microbiota","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2020.05.010","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Protects Against Dysbiosis and Tumorigenesis via the JAK\/STAT Pathway in Intestine","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0966-2","article-title":"Effects of high doses of vitamin D3 on mucosa-associated gut microbiome vary between regions of the human gastrointestinal tract","volume":"55","author":"Bashir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1605","article-title":"Expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) receptor in the immune system","volume":"374","author":"Veldman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.72","article-title":"IBD: Vitamin D and IBD: Moving towards clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Cantorna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0215","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: Vitamin D and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2","author":"Lim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2008.02127.x","article-title":"The complex role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases","volume":"68","author":"Szodoray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102350","article-title":"Emerging role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases: An update on evidence and therapeutic implications","volume":"18","author":"Murdaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2018.7.1.48","article-title":"Food Elimination Diet and Nutritional Deficiency in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01439.x","article-title":"A comprehensive approach to evaluate nutritional status in Crohn\u2019s patients in the era of biologic therapy: A case-control study","volume":"102","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.03.020","article-title":"Nutritional deficiencies in inflammatory bowel disease: Therapeutic approaches","volume":"32","author":"Massironi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v10.i2.50","article-title":"Nutritional status as a predictor of hospitalization in inflammatory bowel disease: A review","volume":"10","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8646495","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8646495","article-title":"Nutrition and IBD: Malnutrition and\/or Sarcopenia? A Practical Guide","volume":"2017","author":"Scaldaferri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1921","article-title":"Normalization of plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D is associated with reduced risk of surgery in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.53","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Level With Clinical Status in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study","volume":"111","author":"Kabbani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy052","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D on Intestinal Inflammation and Faecal Microbiota in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"12","author":"Garg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.06.011","article-title":"Evaluation of a 12-week targeted vitamin D supplementation regimen in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"37","author":"Garg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa087","article-title":"Vitamin D Therapy in Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Samson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15172","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015172","article-title":"Serum vitamin D but not zinc levels are associated with different disease activity status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"98","author":"Mechie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mentella, M.C., Scaldaferri, F., Pizzoferrato, M., Gasbarrini, A., and Miggiano, G.A.D. (2019). The Association of Disease Activity, BMI and Phase Angle with Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with IBD. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112583"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-3767.187606","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial on the effect of vitamin D3 on inflammation and cathelicidin gene expression in ulcerative colitis patients","volume":"22","author":"Sharifi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12982","article-title":"Effect of single-dose injection of vitamin D on immune cytokines in ulcerative colitis patients: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"127","author":"Sharifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.04.004","article-title":"Lack of Vitamin D Receptor Causes Dysbiosis and Changes the Functions of the Murine Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.180794","article-title":"Vitamin D regulates the gut microbiome and protects mice from dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis","volume":"143","author":"Ooi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00578","article-title":"Microbiota-Dependent Induction of Colonic Cyp27b1 Is Associated with Colonic Inflammation: Implications of Locally Produced 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Inflammatory Regulation in the Colon","volume":"158","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090998","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor negatively regulates bacterial-stimulated NF-kappaB activity in intestine","volume":"177","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00748","article-title":"Gut Epithelial Vitamin D Receptor Regulates Microbiota-Dependent Mucosal Inflammation by Suppressing Intestinal Epithelial Cell Apoptosis","volume":"159","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, R., Zhang, Y., Xia, Y., Zhang, J., Kaser, A., Blumberg, R., and Sun, J. (2020). Paneth cell alertness to pathogens maintained by vitamin D receptors. Gastroenterology.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.11.015"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz330","article-title":"Cathelicidin Mediates a Protective Role of Vitamin D in Ulcerative Colitis and Human Colonic Epithelial Cells","volume":"26","author":"Gubatan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.01.007","article-title":"Gut microbiota interactions with the immunomodulatory role of vitamin D in normal individuals","volume":"69","author":"Luthold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.13984","article-title":"The Effect of Various Doses of Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Gut Microbiota in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Dose-response Study","volume":"40","author":"Charoenngam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12591","article-title":"Vitamin D administration leads to a shift of the intestinal bacterial composition in Crohn\u2019s disease patients, but not in healthy controls","volume":"19","author":"Schaffler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62811-4","article-title":"Seasonal changes of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D correlate with the lower gut microbiome composition in inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"10","author":"Soltys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy182","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Produces Butyrate to Maintain Th17\/Treg Balance and to Ameliorate Colorectal Colitis by Inhibiting Histone Deacetylase 1","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05919","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity and the epigenetics of human disease","volume":"447","author":"Feinberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C.U.S.M., and Moln\u00e1r, F. (2016). Nutrigenomics, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30415-1"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C. (2019). Nutrigenomics of Vitamin D. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030676"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1411-0","article-title":"Advances in epigenetics link genetics to the environment and disease","volume":"571","author":"Cavalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104892","article-title":"Genetics and epigenetics of IBD","volume":"159","author":"Annese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68345-1","article-title":"New genes in inflammatory bowel disease: Lessons for complex diseases?","volume":"367","author":"Gaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i1.91","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01017","article-title":"From Genetics to Epigenetics, Roles of Epigenetics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22942","article-title":"Mucosal genome-wide methylation changes in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Cooke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, T.O., Park, D.I., Han, Y.K., Kang, K., Park, S.G., Park, H.R., and Yi, J.M. (2020). Genome-Wide Analysis of the DNA Methylation Profile Identifies the Fragile Histidine Triad (FHIT) Gene as a New Promising Biomarker of Crohn\u2019s Disease. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051338"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.017","article-title":"Vitamin D in foods and as supplements","volume":"92","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2012.10.019","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor signaling mechanisms: Integrated actions of a well-defined transcription factor","volume":"78","author":"Carlberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.38998","article-title":"Vitamin D and cancer","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06351.x","article-title":"Low penetrance genetic susceptibility to kidney cancer","volume":"98","author":"Thibault","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0291-z","article-title":"1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency-induced gut microbial dysbiosis degrades the colonic mucus barrier in Cyp27b1 knockout mouse model","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000158","article-title":"MicroRNA-346 mediates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced downregulation of gut epithelial vitamin D receptor in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI65842","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial vitamin D receptor signaling inhibits experimental colitis","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.03.061","article-title":"Interplay between tight junctions & adherens junctions","volume":"358","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105663","article-title":"Vitamin D and intestinal homeostasis: Barrier, microbiota, and immune modulation","volume":"200","author":"Fakhoury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58781","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17692","article-title":"Vitamin D3 induces vitamin D receptor and HDAC11 binding to relieve the promoter of the tight junction proteins","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(17)31607-4","article-title":"Lack of Intestinal VDR Regulation Leads to Dysfunction of Claudin-2 in Inflammatory Responses","volume":"152","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307891","article-title":"MicroRNAs: New players in IBD","volume":"64","author":"Kalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7295131","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7295131","article-title":"Association of Three Polymorphisms rs11614913, rs2910146, and rs3746444 in miRNA-196a2, miRNA-146a, and miRNA-499 with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2018","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.762","article-title":"A synonymous variant in IRGM alters a binding site for miR-196 and causes deregulation of IRGM-dependent xenophagy in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Brest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.215","article-title":"Deletion polymorphism upstream of IRGM associated with altered IRGM expression and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"McCarroll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2061","article-title":"Sequence variants in the autophagy gene IRGM and multiple other replicating loci contribute to Crohn\u2019s disease susceptibility","volume":"39","author":"Parkes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2174\/156652410791608252","article-title":"Autophagy and Crohn\u2019s disease: At the crossroads of infection, inflammation, immunity, and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Brest","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.10.021","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease-associated adherent invasive Escherichia coli modulate levels of microRNAs in intestinal epithelial cells to reduce autophagy","volume":"146","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2907","article-title":"Role of miR-150-targeting c-Myb in colonic epithelial disruption during dextran sulphate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis and human ulcerative colitis","volume":"225","author":"Bian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.7555\/JBR.27.20120074","article-title":"Lactobacillus isolates from healthy volunteers exert immunomodulatory effects on activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8282","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i45.8282","article-title":"Overexpressed miRNA-155 dysregulates intestinal epithelial apical junctional complex in severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"19","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.07.005","article-title":"MicroRNA regulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability","volume":"141","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, X., Wang, H., Ye, S., Guan, J., Tan, W., Cheng, S., Wei, G., Wu, W., Wu, F., and Zhou, Y. (2012). Up-regulation of microRNA-126 may contribute to pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis via regulating NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaBalpha. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052782"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33037","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.492496","article-title":"NOD2-nitric oxide-responsive microRNA-146a activates Sonic hedgehog signaling to orchestrate inflammatory responses in murine model of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"288","author":"Ghorpade","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12328","article-title":"miR-155 deficiency protects mice from experimental colitis by reducing T helper type 1\/type 17 responses","volume":"143","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000687","article-title":"Role of Altered Expression of miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-122 in Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"22","author":"Szabo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz076","article-title":"Differential miRNA Expression in Ileal and Colonic Tissues Reveals an Altered Immunoregulatory Molecular Profile in Individuals with Crohn\u2019s Disease versus Healthy Subjects","volume":"13","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy046","article-title":"Circulating and Fecal microRNAs as Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Schonauen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001086","article-title":"Expression and Localization of miR-21 and miR-126 in Mucosal Tissue from Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"23","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5324","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i29.5324","article-title":"MicroRNA exhibit altered expression in the inflamed colonic mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients","volume":"23","author":"Valmiki","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s41544-019-0026-9","article-title":"microRNAs as therapeutic targets in intestinal diseases","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ExRNA"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F793","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00273.2011","article-title":"Identification of a microRNA signature in renal fibrosis: Role of miR-21","volume":"301","author":"Zarjou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, J.P., Riis, L.B., Malham, M., Hogdall, E., Langholz, E., and Nielsen, B.S. (2020). MicroRNA Biomarkers in IBD-Differential Diagnosis and Prediction of Colitis-Associated Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217893"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.03.122","article-title":"Overexpression of miR-21 in patients with ulcerative colitis impairs intestinal epithelial barrier function through targeting the Rho GTPase RhoB","volume":"434","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.02.023","article-title":"MicroRNA-31 Reduces Inflammatory Signaling and Promotes Regeneration in Colon Epithelium, and Delivery of Mimics in Microspheres Reduces Colitis in Mice","volume":"156","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i6.976","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 promotes the pathogenesis of experimental colitis by repressing SHIP-1 expression","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05005","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05005","article-title":"Predicting effective microRNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs","volume":"4","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.001","article-title":"MicroRNA-124 regulates STAT3 expression and is down-regulated in colon tissues of pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"145","author":"Koukos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.09.029","article-title":"miRNA-23 regulates high glucose induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human mesotheial peritoneal cells by targeting VDR","volume":"360","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2016.10.007","article-title":"H19 Overexpression Induces Resistance to 1,25(OH)2D3 by Targeting VDR Through miR-675-5p in Colon Cancer Cells","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9570-8","article-title":"Gut microbiome approaches to treat obesity in humans","volume":"103","author":"Bianchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-018-8293-y","article-title":"Probiotics in human health and disease: From nutribiotics to pharmabiotics","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"606","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotics for the management of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Sartor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13632","article-title":"Probiotics, fibre and herbal medicinal products for functional and inflammatory bowel disorders","volume":"174","author":"Curro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Albuquerque, M.A.C.L., LeBlanc, J.G.A.M., and Bedani, R. (2020). Probiotics, Vitamin D, and Vitamin D Receptor in Health and Disease. Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Functional Approach, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa049","article-title":"Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Korean Kimchi Activate the Vitamin D Receptor-autophagy Signaling Pathways","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11845","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900727R","article-title":"Imbalance of autophagy and apoptosis in intestinal epithelium lacking the vitamin D receptor","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.08.005","article-title":"Intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii in DSS-induced colitis in mice: Impact on microRNAs expression and gut microbiota composition","volume":"61","author":"Algieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64226-7","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor promotes healthy microbial metabolites and microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2016.0140","article-title":"A review of dose-responses of probiotics in human studies","volume":"8","author":"Ouwehand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.041","article-title":"Personalized Gut Mucosal Colonization Resistance to Empiric Probiotics Is Associated with Unique Host and Microbiome Features","volume":"174","author":"Zmora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4262","article-title":"Oral supplementation with probiotic L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 increases mean circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D: A post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"98","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Contributes to the Health Benefits of Probiotic Consumption","volume":"54","author":"Battistini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.059","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders","volume":"159","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/1\/362\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:31Z","timestamp":1760179711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/1\/362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22010362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22010362","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202011.0276.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202011.0276.v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}}}