{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T21:54:52Z","timestamp":1772229292610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"E-Da Hospital National Taiwan University Hospital Joint Research Program","award":["100-EDN03, 101-EDN01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100-EDN03, 101-EDN01"]}]},{"name":"National Cheng-Kung University E-Da Hospital Joint Program","award":["NCKUEDA10211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCKUEDA10211"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Limbic encephalitis (LE) is a rare cause of encephalitis presenting as an acute and subacute onset of neuropsychiatric manifestations, particularly with memory deficits and confusion as core features, along with seizure occurrence, movement disorders, or autonomic dysfunctions. LE is caused by neuronal antibodies targeting the cellular surface, synaptic, and intracellular antigens, which alter the synaptic transmission, especially in the limbic area. Immunologic mechanisms involve antibodies, complements, or T-cell-mediated immune responses in different degree according to different autoantibodies. Sensitive cerebrospinal fluid markers of LE are unavailable, and radiographic findings may not reveal a typical mesiotemporal involvement at neurologic presentations; therefore, a high clinical index of suspicions is pivotal, and a neuronal antibody testing is necessary to make early diagnosis. Some patients have concomitant tumors, causing paraneoplastic LE; therefore, tumor survey and treatment are required in addition to immunotherapy. In this study, a review on the molecular and immunologic aspects of LE was conducted to gain awareness of its peculiarity, which we found quite different from our knowledge on traditional psychiatric illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T20:18:47Z","timestamp":1609445927000},"page":"389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Neuropsychiatric Disorders Due to Limbic Encephalitis: Immunologic Aspect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9486-2597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chia","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8100-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-I","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6923-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Chin","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100226, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100233, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3231-9764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang-Tso","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100226, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100233, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100233, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","article-title":"A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Graus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e245","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000245","article-title":"CSF herpes virus and autoantibody profiles in the evaluation of encephalitis","volume":"3","author":"Linnoila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. 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