{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:25:10Z","timestamp":1788305110692,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]],"date-time":"2021-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Risperidone, a second-generation antipsychotic drug used for schizophrenia treatment with less-severe side effects, has recently been applied in major depressive disorder treatment. The mechanism underlying risperidone-associated metabolic disturbances and liver and renal adverse effects warrants further exploration. This research explores how risperidone influences weight, glucose homeostasis, fatty liver scores, liver damage, and renal impairment in high-fat diet (HFD)-administered C57BL6\/J mice. Compared with HFD control mice, risperidone-treated obese mice exhibited increases in body, liver, kidney, and retroperitoneal and epididymal fat pad weights, daily food efficiency, serum triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, hepatic triglyceride, and aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels, and hepatic fatty acid regulation marker expression. They also exhibited increased insulin resistance and glucose intolerance but decreased serum insulin levels, Akt phosphorylation, and glucose transporter 4 expression. Moreover, their fatty liver score and liver damage demonstrated considerable increases, corresponding to increases in sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 mRNA, fatty acid-binding protein 4 mRNA, and patatin-like phospholipid domain containing protein 3 expression. Finally, these mice demonstrated renal impairment, associated with decreases in glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels. In conclusion, long-term administration of risperidone may exacerbate diabetes syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and kidney injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T19:54:46Z","timestamp":1609703686000},"page":"409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Risperidone Exacerbates Glucose Intolerance, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Renal Impairment in Obese Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hsiao-Pei","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program of Agriculture Science, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Hsun","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 4 Section, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 2 Section, 155 Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank-Chiahung","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Chia","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Drugs Inspection Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, 21 Muchang, Ciding Village, Zhunan Township, Miaoli County 35054, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Cheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 4 Section, 1 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9618-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 5 Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huei-Jyuan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 5 Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan-Szu","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program of Agriculture Science, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of BioAgricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Wei","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, 6 Lugong Road, Changhua 50544, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0577-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geng-Ruei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program of Agriculture Science, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.12.201","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of clinical response to risperidone","volume":"14","author":"Llerena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.052","article-title":"Risperidone exerts potent anti-aggressive effects in a developmentally immature animal model of escalated aggression","volume":"62","author":"Ricci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. 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