{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:25:11Z","timestamp":1779362711286,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Samsung Research Funding &amp; Incubation Center of Samsung Electronics","award":["SRFC-MA1802-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRFC-MA1802-07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurons are structurally unique and have dendrites and axons that are vulnerable to injury. Some neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) can regenerate their axons after injuries. However, most neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) fail to do so, resulting in irreversible neurological disorders. To understand the mechanisms of axon regeneration, various experimental models have been utilized in vivo and in vitro. Here, we collate the key experimental models that revealed the important mechanisms regulating axon regeneration and degeneration in different systems. We also discuss the advantages of experimenting with the rodent model, considering the application of these findings in understanding human diseases and for developing therapeutic methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T09:15:16Z","timestamp":1609924516000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Experimental Model Systems for Understanding Human Axonal Injury Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0887-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohm","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Axon Regeneration &amp; Degeneration, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2356-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongcheol","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Axon Regeneration &amp; Degeneration, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1894.0063","article-title":"The Croonian lecture\u2014La fine structure des centres nerveux","volume":"55","author":"Santiago","year":"1894","journal-title":"Proc. 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