{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:42:49Z","timestamp":1782258169112,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007827","name":"American College of Gastroenterology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Peer Reviewed Cancer Research Program Career Development Award","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Cedars-Sinai Clinical Scholar award","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality. This is, in part, due to delayed diagnosis and limited therapeutic options with more advanced stages of the disease. Given the prognostic importance of early diagnosis, novel methods for early detection are in need. Unlike most other cancer types, tissue is not required to diagnose HCC and is frequently avoided given the inherent risks of liver biopsy, so less invasive methods of obtaining tumor material are currently under investigation. Material shed from tumors into the periphery are being investigated for their potential to both surveil and diagnose patients for HCC. These materials include circulating tumor cells, DNA, RNA, and exosomes, and are collectively termed a \u201cliquid biopsy\u201d. In this review article, we discuss the evolving literature regarding the different risk factors for HCC and the types of emerging novel biomarkers that show promise in the prevention and early diagnosis of HCC within the context of HBV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T09:15:16Z","timestamp":1609924516000},"page":"479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Risk Factors and Biomarkers for Chronic Hepatitis B Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Vijay","family":"Pandyarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajalakshmi","family":"Govalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Dong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","article-title":"Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013","volume":"386","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1573","article-title":"Immunology of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Rehermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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