{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:00:09Z","timestamp":1793775609288,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Estrogen receptors (ER) mediate functions beyond their endocrine roles, as modulation of cardiovascular, renal, and immune systems through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, preventing necrosis of cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, and attenuating cardiac hypertrophy. Estradiol (E2) prevents cardiac dysfunction, increases nitric oxide synthesis, and reduces the proliferation of vascular cells, yielding protective effects, regardless of gender. Such actions are mediated by ER (ER-alpha (ER\u03b1), ER-beta (ER\u03b2), or G protein-coupled ER (GPER)) through genomic or non-genomic pathways, which regulate cardiovascular function and prevent tissue remodeling. Despite the extensive knowledge on the cardioprotective effects of estrogen, clinical studies conducted on myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular diseases still include favorable and unfavorable profiles. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information regarding molecular, preclinical, and clinical aspects of cardiovascular E2 effects and ER modulation as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of MI-induced cardiac dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T08:58:34Z","timestamp":1610096314000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Estrogen Receptors: Therapeutic Perspectives for the Treatment of Cardiac Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaqueline S.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de F\u00e1rmacos, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1196-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeu L.","family":"Montagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de F\u00e1rmacos, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9006-0597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna S.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de F\u00e1rmacos, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus L. C. A.","family":"Tacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de F\u00e1rmacos, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0753-7105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia C. P.","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de F\u00e1rmacos, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9066-5027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisele","family":"Zapata-Sudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de F\u00e1rmacos, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators (2017). 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