{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:10:16Z","timestamp":1791947416167,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16\/0016\/0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0016\/0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitivity","award":["BIO2017-83128-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIO2017-83128-R"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous Community of Madrid","award":["B2017\/BMD-3691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2017\/BMD-3691"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The appearance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae has increased the use of colistin as a last-resort antibiotic for treating infections by this pathogen. A consequence of its use has been the spread of colistin-resistant strains, in several cases carrying colistin resistance genes. In addition, when susceptible strains are confronted with colistin during treatment, mutation is a major cause of the acquisition of resistance. To analyze the mechanisms of resistance that might be selected during colistin treatment, an experimental evolution assay for 30 days using as a model the clinical K. pneumoniae kp52145 isolate in the presence of increasing amounts of colistin was performed. All evolved populations presented a decreased susceptibility to colistin, without showing cross-resistance to antibiotics belonging to other structural families. We did not find any common mutation in the evolved mutants, neither in already known genes, previously known to be associated with the resistance phenotype, nor in new ones. The only common genetic change observed in the strains that evolved in the presence of colistin was the amplification of a 34 Kb sequence, homologous to a prophage (Enterobacteria phage Fels-2). Our data support that gene amplification can be a driving force in the acquisition of colistin resistance by K. pneumoniae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T11:36:11Z","timestamp":1610364971000},"page":"649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Acquisition of Colistin Resistance Is Associated to the Amplification of a Large Chromosomal Region in Klebsiella pneumoniae kp52145"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Blanca","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2719-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Gorostiaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trinidad","family":"Cuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8813-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.56048","article-title":"Colistin and polymyxin B: A re-emergence","volume":"13","author":"Govil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. 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