{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T10:50:00Z","timestamp":1788000600784,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n de la Seguridad Social","award":["FIS PI-14\/01935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS PI-14\/01935"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI051871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI051871"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","award":["B2017\/BMD-3804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2017\/BMD-3804"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our aim was to investigate the subset distribution and function of circulating monocytes, proinflammatory cytokine levels, gut barrier damage, and bacterial translocation in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Thus, 56 SCI patients and 28 healthy donors were studied. The levels of circulating CD14+highCD16\u2212, CD14+highCD16+, and CD14+lowCD16+ monocytes, membrane TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, phagocytic activity, ROS generation, and intracytoplasmic TNF-\u03b1, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation were analyzed by polychromatic flow cytometry. Serum TNF-\u03b1, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured by Luminex and LPS-binding protein (LBP), intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and zonulin by ELISA. SCI patients had normal monocyte counts and subset distribution. CD14+highCD16\u2212 and CD14+highCD16+ monocytes exhibited decreased TLR4, normal TLR2 and increased TLR9 expression. CD14+highCD16\u2212 monocytes had increased LPS-induced TNF-\u03b1 but normal IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 production. Monocytes exhibited defective phagocytosis but normal ROS production. Patients had enhanced serum TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 levels, normal IL-1 and IL-10 levels, and increased circulating LBP, I-FABP, and zonulin levels. Chronic SCI patients displayed impaired circulating monocyte function. These patients exhibited a systemic proinflammatory state characterized by enhanced serum TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 levels. These patients also had increased bacterial translocation and gut barrier damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T11:52:32Z","timestamp":1610538752000},"page":"744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Systemic Inflammation and the Breakdown of Intestinal Homeostasis Are Key Events in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Crta N-II km 33.6, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute Ram\u00f3n y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Institute for Liver and Gut Diseases (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3358-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Lopez-Dolado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Crta N-II km 33.6, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Service of Rehabilitation, National Hospital for Paraplegic Patients, Carr. de la Peraleda, S\/N, 45004 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Crta N-II km 33.6, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute Ram\u00f3n y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1775-4645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Monserrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Crta N-II km 33.6, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute Ram\u00f3n y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Institute for Liver and Gut Diseases (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Martinez-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Oncology, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Calle Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Balomeros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Oncology, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Calle Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Albillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Crta N-II km 33.6, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute Ram\u00f3n y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Institute for Liver and Gut Diseases (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Service of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melchor","family":"Alvarez-Mon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Crta N-II km 33.6, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute Ram\u00f3n y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Institute for Liver and Gut Diseases (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Immune System Diseases and Oncology Service, University Hospital \u201cPr\u00edncipe de Asturias\u201d, Crta N-II km 33.6, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.178","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: Trends and future implications","volume":"50","author":"DeVivo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3429","article-title":"Modulating inflammatory cell responses to spinal cord injury: All in good time","volume":"31","author":"Bowes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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