{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:07:11Z","timestamp":1793243231519,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabis sativa L. turned out to be a valuable source of chemical compounds of various structures, showing pharmacological activity. The most important groups of compounds include phytocannabinoids and terpenes. The pharmacological activity of Cannabis (in epilepsy, sclerosis multiplex (SM), vomiting and nausea, pain, appetite loss, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), Parkinson\u2019s disease, Tourette\u2019s syndrome, schizophrenia, glaucoma, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)), which has been proven so far, results from the affinity of these compounds predominantly for the receptors of the endocannabinoid system (the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), type two (CB2), and the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55)) but, also, for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), glycine receptors, serotonin receptors (5-HT), transient receptor potential channels (TRP), and GPR, opioid receptors. The synergism of action of phytochemicals present in Cannabis sp. raw material is also expressed in their increased bioavailability and penetration through the blood\u2013brain barrier. This review provides an overview of phytochemistry and pharmacology of compounds present in Cannabis extracts in the context of the current knowledge about their synergistic actions and the implications of clinical use in the treatment of selected diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T11:39:14Z","timestamp":1610624354000},"page":"778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Cannabis sativa L. as a Natural Drug Meeting the Criteria of a Multitarget Approach to Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5211-661X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Stasi\u0142owicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 61-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tomala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Podolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judyta","family":"Cielecka-Piontek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 61-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/10496475.2011.602471","article-title":"Biotechnology and pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants: An overview","volume":"17","author":"Thatoi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Herbs. Spices Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1021\/ar500427k","article-title":"The quest for a practical synthesis of morphine alkaloids and their derivatives by chemoenzymatic methods","volume":"48","author":"Reed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.193696","article-title":"The isolation of morphine by Serturner","volume":"60","author":"Krishnamurti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chida, N. (2010). Recent advances in the synthesis of morphine and related alkaloids. Chemistry of Opioids, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/128_2010_73"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"79","article-title":"Constitution of codeine and thebaine","volume":"69","author":"Gulland","year":"1925","journal-title":"Proc. Manch. Lit. Phil. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01124a538","article-title":"The Synthesis of Morphine","volume":"74","author":"Gates","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/796349","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of morphine from capsules of Papaver somniferum by response surface methodology","volume":"2015","author":"Bulduk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fossati, E., Narcross, L., Ekins, A., Falgueyret, J.-P., and Martin, V.J.J. (2015). Synthesis of morphinan alkaloids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124459"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, S.W., and Maddison, J.E. (2008). Principles of clinical pharmacology. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, Saunders Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-070202858-8.50003-8"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2009.09.001","article-title":"A binding question: The evolution of the receptor concept","volume":"33","author":"Maehle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endeavour"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Silverstein, A.M. (2001). Paul Ehrlich\u2019s Receptor Immunology: The Magnificent Obsession, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.02.076","article-title":"Advancement of multi-target drug discoveries and promising applications in the field of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"169","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"212531","article-title":"Combination therapy in the treatment of hypertension","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.2174\/138945011793591626","article-title":"Complex interactions between phytochemicals. The multi-target therapeutic concept of phytotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Efferth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2009.11.002","article-title":"Early Holocene coastal environment change inferred from deposits at Okinoshima archeological site, Boso Peninsula, central Japan","volume":"230","author":"Okazaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.05.034","article-title":"A new insight into Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China","volume":"108","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8342","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27725","article-title":"Medical Cannabis: A plurimillennial history of an evergreen","volume":"234","author":"Pisanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772015596276","article-title":"Sir William Brooke O\u2019Shaughnessy (1808\u20131889), MD, FRS, LRCS Ed: Chemical pathologist, pharmacologist and pioneer in electric telegraphy","volume":"25","author":"MacGillivray","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Biogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462006000200015","article-title":"History of cannabis as a medicine: A review","volume":"28","author":"Zuardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790144","article-title":"History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet","volume":"4","author":"Russo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01062a046","article-title":"Isolation, structure, and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish","volume":"86","author":"Gaoni","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190903103923","article-title":"The \u201centourage effect\u201d: Terpenes coupled with cannabinoids for the treatment of mood disorders and anxiety disorders","volume":"18","author":"Ferber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namdar, D., Voet, H., Ajjampura, V., Nadarajan, S., Mayzlish-Gati, E., Mazuz, M., Shalev, N., and Koltai, H. (2019). Terpenoids and phytocannabinoids co-produced in Cannabis sativa strains show specific interaction for cell cytotoxic activity. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24173031"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2019.03.022","article-title":"Terpenes in Cannabis sativa\u2013From plant genome to humans","volume":"284","author":"Booth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.01.004","article-title":"Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995\u20132014): Analysis of current data in the United States","volume":"79","author":"ElSohly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00117-5","article-title":"Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: A case-control study","volume":"2","author":"Marconi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00130","article-title":"Does cannabidiol protect against adverse psychological effects of THC?","volume":"4","author":"Niesink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.184","article-title":"Opposite effects of \u0394-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on human brain function and psychopathology","volume":"35","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.27087","article-title":"Cannabinoids: From pot to lab","volume":"15","author":"Papaseit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2018.007","article-title":"Medical cannabis in the treatment of cancer pain and spastic conditions and options of drug delivery in clinical practice","volume":"162","author":"Landa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Palacky Univ. Olomouc"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.108","article-title":"Cannabis in cancer care","volume":"97","author":"Abrams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3747\/co.23.3487","article-title":"A user\u2019s guide to cannabinoid therapies in oncology","volume":"23","author":"Maida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01259","article-title":"Cannabinoids and pain: New insights from old molecules","volume":"9","author":"Srebro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.01.007","article-title":"Building smart cannabis policy from the science up","volume":"42","author":"Weiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001004","article-title":"Manipulation of the endocannabinoid system in colitis: A comprehensive review","volume":"23","author":"Leinwand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.02.008","article-title":"Endocannabinoid signaling at the periphery: 50 years after THC","volume":"36","author":"Maccarrone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.01.033","article-title":"Cannabidiol, neuroprotection and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"112","author":"Campos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"271","article-title":"Cannabinoids for pediatric epilepsy? Up in smoke or real science?","volume":"4","author":"Filloux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basavarajappa, B.S., and Subbanna, S. (2019). Potential mechanisms underlying the deleterious effects of synthetic cannabinoids found in Spice\/K2 products. Brain Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9010014"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2016.09.003","article-title":"Medical cannabis in the palliation of malignant wounds\u2014A case report","volume":"53","author":"Maida","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557516666161004162133","article-title":"Cannabis: A Treasure Trove or Pandora\u2019s Box?","volume":"17","author":"Solymosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019","article-title":"Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules","volume":"7","author":"Andre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prandi, C., Blangetti, M., Namdar, D., and Koltai, H. (2018). Structure-activity relationship of cannabis derived compounds for the treatment of neuronal activity-related diseases. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071526"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.09.011","article-title":"Chemical constituents of marijuana: The complex mixture of natural cannabinoids","volume":"78","author":"ElSohly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richins, R.D., Rodriguez-Uribe, L., Lowe, K., Ferral, R., and O\u2019Connell, M.A. (2018). Accumulation of bioactive metabolites in cultivated medical Cannabis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201119"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NP00074F","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids: A unified critical inventory","volume":"33","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.001","article-title":"Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids containing products\u2013Regulations in Europe and North America","volume":"49","author":"Abuhasira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0039","article-title":"Cannabis systematics at the levels of family, genus, and species","volume":"3","author":"McPartland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0370-x","article-title":"An overview of products and bias in research","volume":"12","author":"Gloss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furqan, T., Batool, S., Habib, R., Shah, M., Kalasz, H., Darvas, F., Kuca, K., Nepovimova, E., Batool, S., and Nurulain, S.M. (2020). Cannabis Constituents and Acetylcholinesterase Interaction: Molecular Docking, In Vitro Studies and Association with CNR1 rs806368 and ACHE rs17228602. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10050758"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.209","article-title":"Clinical and preclinical evidence for functional interactions of cannabidiol and \u0394 9-tetrahydrocannabinol","volume":"43","author":"Boggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales, P., Hurst, D.P., and Reggio, P.H. (2017). Molecular targets of the phytocannabinoids: A complex picture. Phytocannabinoids, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45541-9_4"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.02.041","article-title":"Cannabidiol: State of the art and new challenges for therapeutic applications","volume":"175","author":"Pisanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1387","article-title":"A review of human studies assessing cannabidiol\u2019s (CBD) therapeutic actions and potential","volume":"59","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.05.005","article-title":"Cannabidiol in medical marijuana: Research vistas and potential opportunities","volume":"121","author":"Rong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2147\/DHPS.S158592","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of medicinal marijuana: An educational primer for health care professionals","volume":"10","author":"Mouhamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug. Healthc. Patient Saf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01253a008","article-title":"Isolation of a physiologically active tetrahydrocannabinol from Cannabis sativa resin","volume":"64","author":"Wollner","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"59","article-title":"Isolace dals\u02c7\u00edch l\u00e1tek z list\u00ed indick\u00e9ho konop\u00ed Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"6","author":"Krejci","year":"1955","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"5","article-title":"Notes on the structure of cannabidiol compounds","volume":"35","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc. Fac. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0040","article-title":"Identification of terpenoid chemotypes among high (\u2212)-trans-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol-producing Cannabis sativa L. cultivars","volume":"2","author":"Fischedick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2015.0012","article-title":"Human metabolites of cannabidiol: A review on their formation, biological activity, and relevance in therapy","volume":"1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ElSohly, M.A., Radwan, M.M., Gul, W., Chandra, S., and Galal, A. (2017). Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L.. Phytocannabinoids, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45541-9_1"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-014-0304-z","article-title":"Neuroprotective properties of cannabigerol in Huntington\u2019s disease: Studies in R6\/2 mice and 3-nitropropionate-lesioned mice","volume":"12","author":"Valdeolivas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00949","article-title":"Evolution of the cannabinoid and terpene content during the growth of Cannabis sativa plants from different chemotypes","volume":"79","author":"Soydaner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Drugs, U.N.O. (2009). Crime Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis Products: Manual for Use by National Drug Testing Laboratories, United Nations Publications."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gugliandolo, A., Pollastro, F., Grassi, G., Bramanti, P., and Mazzon, E. (2018). In Vitro Model of Neuroinflammation: Efficacy of Cannabigerol, a Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071992"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)99445-1","article-title":"Chemical classification of plants. XXXI. Hashish. 10. Cannabichromene, a new hashish component","volume":"22","author":"Claussen","year":"1966","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"20","article-title":"Cannabichromene, a new active principle in hashish","volume":"1","author":"Gaoni","year":"1966","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4537","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14815","article-title":"Cannabichromene is a cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist","volume":"176","author":"Udoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1039\/CT8997500020","article-title":"III.\u2014Cannabinol. Part I","volume":"75","author":"Wood","year":"1899","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01858a058","article-title":"Structure of cannabidiol, a product isolated from the marihuana extract of Minnesota wild hemp. I","volume":"62","author":"Adams","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"619","article-title":"Constituents of hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). III. Isolation of a Gibbs-positive compound from Japanese hemp","volume":"30","author":"Obata","year":"1966","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shani, A., and Mechoulam, R. (1970). A new type of cannabinoid. Synthesis of cannabielsoic acid A by a novel photo-oxidative cyclisation. J. Chem. Soc. D Chem. Commun., 273\u2013274.","DOI":"10.1039\/c29700000273"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b13-00183","article-title":"Structural requirements for potent direct inhibition of human cytochrome P450 1A1 by cannabidiol: Role of pentylresorcinol moiety","volume":"36","author":"Yamaori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(77)80023-X","article-title":"Cannabinodiol: Conclusive identification and synthesis of a new cannabinoid from Cannabis sativa","volume":"16","author":"Ch","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0017","article-title":"Cannabis: From cultivar to chemovar II\u2014A metabolomics approach to Cannabis classification","volume":"1","author":"Hazekamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cannabinoids and terpenes as chemotaxonomic markers in cannabis","volume":"3","author":"Elzinga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13618","article-title":"Cannabis, from plant to pill","volume":"84","author":"Grof","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a4578","article-title":"Is medical marijuana legalisation possible in Poland?","volume":"26","author":"Chlabicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellati, F., Brighenti, V., Sperlea, J., Marchetti, L., Bertelli, D., and Benvenuti, S. (2018). New methods for the comprehensive analysis of bioactive compounds in Cannabis sativa L.(hemp). Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102639"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170810164636","article-title":"Cannabis phenolics and their bioactivities","volume":"25","author":"Pollastro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4039(80)80248-6","article-title":"Extractives of Thailand cannabis: Synthesis of canniprene and isolation of new geranylated and prenylated chrysoeriols","volume":"21","author":"Crombie","year":"1980","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"345","article-title":"NMR assignments of the major cannabinoids and cannabiflavonoids isolated from flowers of Cannabis sativa","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal. Int. J. Plant Chem. Biochem. Tech."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(85)90325-9","article-title":"Isolation from Cannabis sativa L. of cannflavin\u2014A novel inhibitor of prostaglandin production","volume":"34","author":"Barrett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1139\/b05-030","article-title":"A forty-year journey in plant research: Original contributions to flavonoid biochemistry","volume":"83","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)98242-6","article-title":"Cannabisin A, an arylnaphthalene lignanamide from fruits of Cannabis sativa","volume":"30","author":"Sakakibara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10611","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b05282","article-title":"Characterization of lignanamides from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed and their antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities","volume":"63","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Luo, Q., and Fan, P. (2019). Cannabisin F from hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in BV2 microglia as SIRT1 modulator. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030507"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.03.133","article-title":"Content, composition, and stereochemical characterisation of lignans in berries and seeds","volume":"134","author":"Smeds","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1039\/b514045p","article-title":"An update on bioactive plant lignans","volume":"22","author":"Saleem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6608","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01896K","article-title":"Stilbenoids and cannabinoids from the leaves of Cannabis sativa f. sativa with potential reverse cholesterol transport activity","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"4","article-title":"Hemp seed oil: A source of valuable essential fatty acids","volume":"3","author":"Deferne","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Int. Hemp Assoc."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Pate, D.W. (1999). Hemp seed: A valuable food source. Adv. Hemp Res., 243\u2013255."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1565(199611)7:6<279::AID-PCA322>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Fatty acids of cannabis seeds","volume":"7","author":"Ross","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Carvalho, C.C.C.R., and Caramujo, M.J. (2018). The various roles of fatty acids. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102583"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gammone, M.A., Riccioni, G., Parrinello, G., and D\u2019Orazio, N. (2019). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Benefits and endpoints in sport. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010046"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiralan, M., G\u00fcl, V., and Kara, S.M. (2010). Fatty acid composition of hempseed oils from different locatins in Turkey. Spanish J. Agric. Res., 385\u2013390.","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2010082-1220"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"219","article-title":"The essential fatty acids omega-6 and omega-3: From their discovery to their use in therapy","volume":"60","author":"Caramia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.107966","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of currently used antiseizure drugs","volume":"168","author":"Sills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000803","article-title":"What has been the impact of new drug treatments on epilepsy?","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-018-0761-2","article-title":"Cannabis for pediatric epilepsy: Protocol for a living systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Elliott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.11.012","article-title":"Cannabinoids in treatment-resistant epilepsy: A review","volume":"70","author":"Gloss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaheer, S., Kumar, D., Khan, M.T., Giyanwani, P.R., and Kiran, F.N.U. (2018). Epilepsy and cannabis: A literature review. Cureus, 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.3278"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1000 Faculty Rev-234","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16515.1","article-title":"Epidiolex as adjunct therapy for treatment of refractory epilepsy: A comprehensive review with a focus on adverse effects","volume":"8","author":"Sekar","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611618","article-title":"Trial of cannabidiol for drug-resistant seizures in the Dravet syndrome","volume":"376","author":"Devinsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714631","article-title":"Effect of cannabidiol on drop seizures in the Lennox\u2013Gastaut syndrome","volume":"378","author":"Devinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30136-3","article-title":"Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"391","author":"Thiele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.10.007","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic exploitation in multiple sclerosis: Clues for other neuroinflammatory diseases","volume":"160","author":"Centonze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666161101095325","article-title":"Pros and cons of medical cannabis use by people with chronic brain disorders","volume":"15","author":"Suryadevara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-015-0032-7","article-title":"Narrative review of the safety and efficacy of marijuana for the treatment of commonly state-approved medical and psychiatric disorders","volume":"10","author":"Belendiuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Sci. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0082-z","article-title":"Treatment of multiple sclerosis\u2014Success from bench to bedside","volume":"15","author":"Tintore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-020-05310-6","article-title":"Guideline concordant care for prevention of acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in children, adolescents, and young adults","volume":"28","author":"Beauchemin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-017-3387-5","article-title":"A review of oral cannabinoids and medical marijuana for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: A focus on pharmacokinetic variability and pharmacodynamics","volume":"80","author":"Badowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"49","article-title":"Dronabinol for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting unresponsive to antiemetics","volume":"8","author":"May","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Narain, T., and Farrah, K. (2017). Nabilone for Non-Chemotherapy Associated Nausea and Vomiting and Weight Loss Due to Medical Conditions: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"257","article-title":"Focus: Addiction: US Policy Responses to Calls for the Medical Use of Cannabis","volume":"88","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2058738419838383","article-title":"The neuropathic pain: An overview of the current treatment and future therapeutic approaches","volume":"33","author":"Cavalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casey, S.L., and Vaughan, C.W. (2018). Plant-based cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Medicines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5030067"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.05.08","article-title":"A hunger for hunger: A review of palliative therapies for cancer-associated anorexia","volume":"8","author":"Childs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-005-1063-x","article-title":"Dronabinol for supportive therapy in patients with malignant melanoma and liver metastases","volume":"57","author":"Zutt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-018-1479-6","article-title":"The state of the art on treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"53","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1292851","article-title":"Cannabinoids for treating inflammatory bowel diseases: Where are we and where do we go?","volume":"11","author":"Hasenoehrl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000440982.79036.d6","article-title":"Cannabis use provides symptom relief in patients with inflammatory bowel disease but is associated with worse disease prognosis in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Storr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.04.034","article-title":"Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: A prospective placebo-controlled study","volume":"11","author":"Naftali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: A review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"1279042","article-title":"Marijuana compounds: A nonconventional approach to Parkinson\u2019s disease therapy","volume":"2016","author":"Babayeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000016","article-title":"Cannabis (medical marijuana) treatment for motor and non\u2013motor symptoms of Parkinson disease: An open-label observational study","volume":"37","author":"Lotan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00139","article-title":"Tourette syndrome: A mini-review","volume":"9","author":"Novotny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanaan, A.S., Jakubovski, E., and M\u00fcller-Vahl, K. (2017). Significant tic reduction in an otherwise treatment-resistant patient with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome following treatment with nabiximols. Brain Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7050047"},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Abramovici, H. (2018). Information for Health Care Professionals: Cannabis (Marihuana, Marijuana) and the Cannabinoids, Health Canada."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u0119pnicki, P., Kondej, M., and Kaczor, A.A. (2018). Current concepts and treatments of schizophrenia. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23082087"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: A review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"265","article-title":"Focus: Addiction: Marijuana for Glaucoma: A Recipe for Disaster or Treatment?","volume":"88","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20757","article-title":"Development of a \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol amino acid-dicarboxylate prodrug with improved ocular bioavailability","volume":"58","author":"Adelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10008-1161","article-title":"Complementary and alternate management of glaucoma: The verdict so far","volume":"8","author":"Bhartiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Curr. Glaucoma Pract."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"1","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak\u2013an update on the status","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.00396","article-title":"Novel coronavirus COVID-19: Current evidence and evolving strategies","volume":"102","author":"Vannabouathong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onaivi, E.S., and Sharma, V. (2020). Cannabis for COVID-19: Can cannabinoids quell the cytokine storm?. Future Sci OA, 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2020-0124"},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Cuomo, A., Dulebohn, S.C., and Di Napoli, R. (2020). Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). Statpearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2020.1787836","article-title":"Opioids\/cannabinoids as a potential therapeutic approach in COVID-19 patients","volume":"14","author":"Tahamtan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01708","article-title":"Cytokine storm in COVID-19: The current evidence and treatment strategies","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00146-3","article-title":"How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality","volume":"40","author":"Hojyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaim, S., Chong, J.H., Sankaranarayanan, V., and Harky, A. (2020). COVID-19 and multi-organ response. Curr. Probl. Cardiol., 100618.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2020.100618"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, F., Tortora, C., Argenziano, M., Di Paola, A., and Punzo, F. (2020). Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2: A Possible Target in SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-19) Infection?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113809"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02963-4","article-title":"Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry through the ACE2\/TMPRSS2 pathway: A promising approach for uncovering early COVID-19 drug therapies","volume":"76","author":"Ragia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4967","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15157","article-title":"The potential of cannabidiol in the COVID-19 pandemic: A hypothesis letter","volume":"177","author":"Esposito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atalay, S., Jarocka-Karpowicz, I., and Skrzydlewska, E. (2020). Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of cannabidiol. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010021"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.079","article-title":"SARS-CoV2 induced respiratory distress: Can Cannabinoids be added to anti-viral therapies to reduce lung inflammation?","volume":"87","author":"Byrareddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0043","article-title":"Cannabidiol modulates cytokine storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by simulated viral infection using synthetic RNA","volume":"5","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2008.06.022","article-title":"The profile of immune modulation by cannabidiol (CBD) involves deregulation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)","volume":"76","author":"Kaplan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00288-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00288-20","article-title":"Can Unconventional Immunomodulatory Agents Help Alleviate COVID-19 Symptoms and Severity?","volume":"5","author":"Mamber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2020.0144","article-title":"Cannabis in the Time of Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Yin and Yang of the Endocannabinoid System in Immunocompetence","volume":"26","author":"Sexton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/2\/778\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:11:07Z","timestamp":1760159467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/2\/778"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22020778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22020778","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]}}}