{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:00:05Z","timestamp":1792519205036,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate the expression of genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation. There are three members: PPAR\u03b1, PPAR\u03b2 or PPAR\u03b3. PPAR\u03b3 have several ligands. The natural agonists are omega 9, curcumin, eicosanoids and others. Among the synthetic ligands, we highlight the thiazolidinediones, clinically used as an antidiabetic. Many of these studies involve natural or synthetic products in different pathologies. The mechanisms that regulate PPAR\u03b3 involve post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, sumoylation and ubiquitination, among others. It is known that anti-inflammatory mechanisms involve the inhibition of other transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kB(NF\u03baB), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) or activator protein 1 (AP-1), or intracellular signaling proteins such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. PPAR\u03b3 transrepresses other transcription factors and consequently inhibits gene expression of inflammatory mediators, known as biomarkers for morbidity and mortality, leading to control of the exacerbated inflammation that occurs, for instance, in lung injury\/acute respiratory distress. Many studies have shown the therapeutic potentials of PPAR\u03b3 on pulmonary diseases. Herein, we describe activities of the PPAR\u03b3 as a modulator of inflammation, focusing on lung injury and including definition and mechanisms of regulation, biological effects and molecular targets, and its role in lung diseases caused by inflammatory stimuli, bacteria and virus, and molecular-based therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T12:44:05Z","timestamp":1610714645000},"page":"805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["PPAR Gamma: From Definition to Molecular Targets and Therapy of Lung Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"M\u00e1rcia V. de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-3055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassiano F.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves-de-Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2017-0019","article-title":"PPARs: Regulators of metabolism and as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. 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