{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:04:59Z","timestamp":1790791499681,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BFU2015-64515-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFU2015-64515-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGC2018-094654-B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-094654-B-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002878","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Innovaci\u00f3n, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIO-297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIO-297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002878","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was initially characterized as a potent angiogenic factor based on its activity on the vascular system. However, it is now well established that VEGF also plays a crucial role as a neuroprotective factor in the nervous system. A deficit of VEGF has been related to motoneuronal degeneration, such as that occurring in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Strikingly, motoneurons of the oculomotor system show lesser vulnerability to neurodegeneration in ALS compared to other motoneurons. These motoneurons presented higher amounts of VEGF and its receptor Flk-1 than other brainstem pools. That higher VEGF level could be due to an enhanced retrograde input from their target muscles, but it can also be produced by the motoneurons themselves and act in an autocrine way. By contrast, VEGF\u2019s paracrine supply from the vicinity cells, such as glial cells, seems to represent a minor source of VEGF for brainstem motoneurons. In addition, ocular motoneurons experiment an increase in VEGF and Flk-1 level in response to axotomy, not observed in facial or hypoglossal motoneurons. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the differences in VEGF availability that could contribute to the higher resistance of extraocular motoneurons to injury and neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T12:44:05Z","timestamp":1610714645000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Neuroprotective Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on Motoneurons of the Oculomotor System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Silva-Hucha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6213-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel M.","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1471-7005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Morcuende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6823562","article-title":"Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid","volume":"219","author":"Senger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)92678-8","article-title":"Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells","volume":"161","author":"Ferrara","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. 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