{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:11:54Z","timestamp":1782832314458,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute leukemias, the most common cancers in children, are characterized by excessive proliferation of malignant progenitor cells. As a consequence of impaired blood cell production, leukemia patients are susceptible to infectious complications\u2014a major cause of non-relapse mortality. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are involved in various pathologies, from autoimmunity to cancer. Although aberrant NETs formation may be partially responsible for immune defects observed in acute leukemia, still little is known on the NET release in the course of leukemia. Here, we present the first comprehensive evaluation of NETs formation by neutrophils isolated from children with acute leukemia in different stages of the disease and treatment stimulated in vitro with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), and calcium ionophore (CI). NETs release was measured using quantitative fluorescent method and visualized microscopically. In this setting, NETs release was significantly impaired in leukemic children both at the diagnosis and during the treatment, and full restoration of neutrophil function was achieved only after successful completion of the leukemia treatment. We suggest that neutrophil function impairment may result from both disease- and treatment-related factors. In this context, deficient innate immune response observed in acute leukemia patients may be present regardless of neutrophil count and contribute to secondary immunodeficiency observed in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T12:44:05Z","timestamp":1610714645000},"page":"821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Dynamic Changes in the Ability to Release Neutrophil ExtraCellular Traps in the Course of Childhood Acute Leukemias"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Ostafin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of the Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A \u017bwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3694-4076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Ciepiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of the Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A \u017bwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Pruchniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of the Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A \u017bwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7199-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Wachowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of the Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A \u017bwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edyta","family":"Uli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A \u017bwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Mr\u00f3wka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Human Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 5A Chalubinskiego St., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 15 Indiry Gandhi St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5865-8425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"G\u0142odkowska-Mr\u00f3wka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of the Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A \u017bwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 15 Indiry Gandhi St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Hematological and Transfusion Immunology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 15 Indiry Gandhi St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urszula","family":"Demkow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of the Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A \u017bwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extra-cellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1565","article-title":"Platelet tlr4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood","volume":"13","author":"Clark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. 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