{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:38:06Z","timestamp":1791999486448,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109-2314-B-002-279-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-002-279-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002811","name":"Cathay General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGH-MR-A10822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGH-MR-A10822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002811","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic tic disorder and Tourette syndrome are common childhood-onset neurological diseases. However, the pathophysiology underlying these disorders is unclear, and most studies have focused on the disinhibition of the corticostriatal\u2013thalamocortical circuit. An autoimmune dysfunction has been proposed in the pathogenetic mechanism of Tourette syndrome and related neuropsychiatric disorders such as obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder, autism, and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. This is based on evidence from animal model studies and clinical findings. Herein, we review and give an update on the clinical characteristics, clinical evidence, and genetic studies in vitro as well as animal studies regarding immune dysfunction in Tourette syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T05:17:34Z","timestamp":1610947054000},"page":"853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Immunological Dysfunction in Tourette Syndrome and Related Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Chia-Jui","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee-Chin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang-Tso","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Taiwan University Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"\u00c9tude sur une affection nerveuse caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par l\u2019incoordination motrice accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019\u00e9cholalie et de copralalie","volume":"9","year":"1885","journal-title":"Arch. 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