{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:38:57Z","timestamp":1790303937259,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IGF 20934 N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGF 20934 N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03FH046PX4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03FH046PX4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Life-threatening bacterial infections have been managed by antibiotics for years and have significantly improved the wellbeing and lifetime of humans. However, bacteria have always been one step ahead by inactivating the antimicrobial agent chemically or by producing certain enzymes. The alarming universal occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has compelled researchers to find alternative treatments for MDR infections. This is a menace where conventional chemotherapies are no longer promising, but several novel approaches could help. Our current review article discusses the novel approaches that can combat MDR bacteria: starting off with potential nanoparticles (NPs) that efficiently interact with microorganisms causing fatal changes in the morphology and structure of these cells; nanophotothermal therapy using inorganic NPs like AuNPs to destroy pathogenic bacterial cells; bacteriophage therapy against which bacteria develop less resistance; combination drugs that act on dissimilar targets in distinctive pathways; probiotics therapy by the secretion of antibacterial chemicals; blockage of quorum sensing signals stopping bacterial colonization, and vaccination against resistant bacterial strains along with virulence factors. All these techniques show us a promising future in the fight against MDR bacteria, which remains the greatest challenge in public health care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T05:17:34Z","timestamp":1610947054000},"page":"859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Pulling the Brakes on Fast and Furious Multiple Drug-Resistant (MDR) Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Abid","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, Hochschule Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khanzadi","family":"Manzoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aamir","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8538-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahrukh","family":"Rafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameen","family":"Noushad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Talib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechano(bio)chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am M\u00fchlenberg 1, Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3158-3603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Rentschler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, Hochschule Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7745-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Deigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, Hochschule Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"},{"name":"EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2014.9527","article-title":"The role of nanotechnology in combating multi-drug resistant bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.03.004","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antibacterial multidrug resistance","volume":"128","author":"Alekshun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.4172\/2332-0877.1000292","article-title":"Novel strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance","volume":"4","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.06.009","article-title":"Resistance to antibiotics: Are we in the post-antibiotic era?","volume":"36","author":"Alanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munita, J.M., and Arias, C.A. (2016). Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Virulence Mech. Bact. Pathog., 481\u2013511.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819286.ch17"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1054\/drup.2001.0197","article-title":"Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes: Mechanisms of catalytic processes and inhibition","volume":"4","author":"Azucena","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12478","article-title":"Antibiotic adjuvants: Diverse strategies for controlling drug-resistant pathogens","volume":"85","author":"Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.07357.x","article-title":"Multifunctional host defense peptides: Functional and mechanistic insights from NMR structures of potent antimicrobial peptides","volume":"276","author":"Bhattacharjya","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.065672","article-title":"NMR structure of pardaxin, a pore-forming antimicrobial peptide, in lipopolysaccharide micelles mechanism of outer membrane permeabilization","volume":"285","author":"Bhunia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco, P., Hernando-Amado, S., Reales-Calderon, J.A., Corona, F., Lira, F., Alcalde-Rico, M., Bernardini, A., Sanchez, M.B., and Martinez, J.L. (2016). Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps: Much more than antibiotic resistance determinants. Microorganisms, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms4010014"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"11","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria: Biochemical and genetic aspects","volume":"46","author":"Kos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201900454","article-title":"Nanoniosome-encapsulated levoflaxicin as an antibacterial agent against Brucella","volume":"60","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talib, A., Manzoor, K., Ijaz, A., Adnan, F., Javed, F., and Khan, A. (2020). Encapsulated virgin coconut oil as a nanoscale in vitro solution against multiple drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Micro Nano Lett.","DOI":"10.1049\/mna2.12001"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"201","article-title":"Biogenic Copper Nanoparticles as a Nanoscale Solution to Address Multiple Drug Resistance in Bacteria","volume":"53","author":"Talib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.09.002","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials","volume":"27","author":"Rai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2004.02.012","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: A case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"275","author":"Sondi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2006.12.001","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.061895","article-title":"Photothermal nanotherapeutics and nanodiagnostics for selective killing of bacteria targeted with gold nanoparticles","volume":"90","author":"Zharov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2010.08.001","article-title":"Bacteriophages as potential new therapeutics to replace or supplement antibiotics","volume":"28","author":"Kutateladze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"21","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of different Lactobacillus species against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"3","author":"Jamalifar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51s","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1987.tb03611.x","article-title":"Novel uses for lactic acid fermentation in food preservation","volume":"63","author":"Gibbs","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a012427","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a012427","article-title":"Bacterial quorum sensing: Its role in virulence and possibilities for its control","volume":"2","author":"Rutherford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joice, R., and Lipsitch, M. (2013). Targeting imperfect vaccines against drug-resistance determinants: A strategy for countering the rise of drug resistance. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068940"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20162562","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.2562","article-title":"Why does drug resistance readily evolve but vaccine resistance does not?","volume":"284","author":"Kennedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A., Landis, R.F., and Rotello, V.M. (2016). Nanoparticle-based antimicrobials: Surface functionality is critical. F1000Research, 5, F1000 Faculty Rev-364.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7595.1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2018.5054","article-title":"Investigative evaluation of Cassia absus for antibacterial capacity and biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Jehan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, M., Curtis, A., and Hoskins, C. (2018). Application of nanoparticle technologies in the combat against anti-microbial resistance. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10010011"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1039\/C2EM30692A","article-title":"Antimicrobial nanotechnology: Its potential for the effective management of microbial drug resistance and implications for research needs in microbial nanotoxicology","volume":"15","author":"Aruguete","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2009.002","article-title":"Rapid photothermal lysis of the pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli using synthesis of gold nanorods","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225103","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/22\/225103","article-title":"Characterization of enhanced antibacterial effects of novel silver nanoparticles","volume":"18","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20001215)52:4<662::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"A mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"52","author":"Feng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.11.057","article-title":"The molecular mechanism of action of bactericidal gold nanoparticles on Escherichia coli","volume":"33","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudramurthy, G.R., Swamy, M.K., Sinniah, U.R., and Ghasemzadeh, A. (2016). Nanoparticles: Alternatives against drug-resistant pathogenic microbes. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21070836"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6920","DOI":"10.1021\/ja301167y","article-title":"Aggregation and interaction of cationic nanoparticles on bacterial surfaces","volume":"134","author":"Hayden","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10682","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5042625","article-title":"Functional gold nanoparticles as potent antimicrobial agents against multi-drug-resistant bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12349","DOI":"10.1021\/ja1028843","article-title":"Small molecule-capped gold nanoparticles as potent antibacterial agents that target gram-negative bacteria","volume":"132","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of Pt. TiO2 nanofibers in photosensitized degradation of Rhodamine B","volume":"6","author":"Obuya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.011","article-title":"Metal oxide nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: A promise for the future","volume":"49","author":"Raghunath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.12.004","article-title":"Characterisation of copper oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications","volume":"33","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2012.1423","article-title":"Novel copper (Cu) loaded core\u2013shell silica nanoparticles with improved Cu bioavailability: Synthesis, characterization and study of antibacterial properties","volume":"8","author":"Maniprasad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1021\/la7035949","article-title":"Toxicological effect of ZnO nanoparticles based on bacteria","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.07.033","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, antiseptic activity and toxicity mechanism","volume":"249","author":"Pomastowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3733-1","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of the antibacterial potential of ZnO nanoparticles against extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a tertiary care hospital of North India","volume":"94","author":"Ansari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.11.005","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of silver and zinc nanoparticles against Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxic Escherichia coli","volume":"305","author":"Salem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02149-10","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"77","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.893001","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle against Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"52","author":"Reddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2733-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of nitric oxide and its application in antimicrobial formulations and medical devices","volume":"88","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.20328","article-title":"The potential of nitric oxide releasing therapies as antimicrobial agents","volume":"3","author":"Schairer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47160-8","article-title":"Nitric oxide regulation of superoxide and peroxynitrite-dependent lipid peroxidation. Formation of novel nitrogen-containing oxidized lipid derivatives","volume":"269","author":"Rubbo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.01.025","article-title":"Morphological analysis of the antimicrobial action of nitric oxide on Gram-negative pathogens using atomic force microscopy","volume":"5","author":"Deupree","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99204-5","article-title":"Generation of EPR-detectable nitrosyl-iron complexes in tumor target cells cocultured with activated macrophages","volume":"266","author":"Drapier","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00307-U","article-title":"Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative protein modifications","volume":"364","author":"Ischiropoulos","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"175","article-title":"A discussion of mechanisms of NO genotoxicty: Implication of inhibition of DNA repair proteins","volume":"Volume 131","author":"Laval","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reviews of Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/15.3.443","article-title":"Inhibition by nitric oxide of the repair protein, O 6-DNA-methyltransferase","volume":"15","author":"Laval","year":"1994","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05253.x","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: The powerful nanoweapon against multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"112","author":"Rai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.3.16161","article-title":"Susceptibility of Gram-positive and-negative bacteria to novel nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticle technology","volume":"2","author":"Friedman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6506","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01208-15","article-title":"Antibacterial action of nitric oxide-releasing chitosan oligosaccharides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa under aerobic and anaerobic conditions","volume":"59","author":"Reighard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.10.010","article-title":"Recent advances in chitosan-based nanoparticles for oral delivery of macromolecules","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"156","article-title":"Synthesis and optimization of chitosan nanoparticles: Potential applications in nanomedicine and biomedical engineering","volume":"5","author":"Ghadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Bakri, A.G., and Mahmoud, N.N. (2019). Photothermal-induced antibacterial activity of gold nanorods loaded into polymeric hydrogel against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24142661"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24837-7","article-title":"Nano-photothermal ablation effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic functionalized gold nanorods on Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"8","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22072","article-title":"Nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy: A comparative study of heating for different particle types","volume":"44","author":"Pattani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2009.12.004","article-title":"Functionalised gold nanoparticles for controlling pathogenic bacteria","volume":"28","author":"Pissuwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"989","article-title":"Gold-nanoparticle-enhanced cancer photothermal therapy","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S124778","article-title":"Laser thermal ablation of multidrug-resistant bacteria using functionalized gold nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Mocan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01779","article-title":"Selective photoinduced antibacterial activity of amoxicillin-coated gold nanoparticles: From one-step synthesis to in vivo cytocompatibility","volume":"3","author":"Silvero","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W.-C., Tsai, P.-J., and Chen, Y.-C. (2007). Functional gold nanoparticles as photothermal agents for selective-killing of pathogenic bacteria. Nanomedicine, 2.","DOI":"10.2217\/17435889.2.6.777"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2017.058","article-title":"Vancomycin capped with silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent against multi-drug resistance bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Esmaeillou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0727056","article-title":"Targeted photothermal lysis of the pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with gold nanorods","volume":"8","author":"Norman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201202948","article-title":"Popcorn-Shaped Magnetic Core-Plasmonic Shell Multifunctional Nanoparticles for the Targeted Magnetic Separation and Enrichment, Label-Free SERS Imaging, and Photothermal Destruction of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem.-Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.09.020","article-title":"The antimicrobial properties of light-activated polymers containing methylene blue and gold nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Perni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-7-11","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles as efficient antimicrobial agents for Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi","volume":"7","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4044047","article-title":"Toxicity mechanisms in Escherichia coli vary for silver nanoparticles and differ from ionic silver","volume":"8","author":"Ivask","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.7.4278-4281.2003","article-title":"Mode of bactericidal action of silver zeolite and its comparison with that of silver nitrate","volume":"69","author":"Matsumura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12030-009-9029-1","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles toxicity and bactericidal effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Nanoscale does matter","volume":"5","author":"Villegas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2009.01.012","article-title":"Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Staphylococcus aureus and its antimicrobial activity against MRSA and MRSE","volume":"5","author":"Nanda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-009-0211-3","article-title":"Bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"26","author":"Lara","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1039\/C2NR32447D","article-title":"Relating nanomaterial properties and microbial toxicity","volume":"5","author":"Suresh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talib, A., Khan, A.A., Ahmed, H., and Jilani, G. (2017). The nano-magnetic dancing of bacteria hand-in-hand with oxygen. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 60.","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4324-2017160769"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.07.001","article-title":"Respiring cellular nano-magnets","volume":"80","author":"Talib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2006.07.014","article-title":"Biomimetics of silver nanoparticles by white rot fungus, Phaenerochaete chrysosporium","volume":"53","author":"Vigneshwaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-3-8","article-title":"Mechanistic aspects of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by several Fusarium oxysporum strains","volume":"3","author":"Marcato","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.06.022","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Rhizophora apiculata and glucose","volume":"88","author":"Antony","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2012.11.015","article-title":"Green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles against bacterial and fungal pathogens","volume":"22","author":"Gunalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-3069(03)00028-1","article-title":"Structure and properties of Zn\u2013Al\u2013Cu alloy reinforced with alumina particles","volume":"24","author":"Negrete","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Ravishankar Rai, V. (2020, June 21). Nanoparticles and Their Potential Application as Antimicrobials. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.459.8922."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.13005\/ojc\/300456","article-title":"A review of methods for synthesis of Al nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orient. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2009.01.002","article-title":"Antimicrobial sensitivity of Escherichia coli to alumina nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Sadiq","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.07.004","article-title":"In vitro mutagenicity assessment of aluminium oxide nanomaterials using the Salmonella\/microsome assay","volume":"24","author":"Balasubramanyam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2018v10i1.20636","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of aluminium oxide nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Manyasree","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2014.08.004","article-title":"Metal nanobullets for multidrug resistant bacteria and biofilms","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.08.004","article-title":"Comparative eco-toxicity of nanoscale TiO2, SiO2, and ZnO water suspensions","volume":"40","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.12.025","article-title":"Bacterial toxicity comparison between nano-and micro-scaled oxide particles","volume":"157","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2016.12.060","article-title":"Preparation and biological evaluation of ethionamide-mesoporous silicon nanoparticles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"27","author":"Vale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1134\/S0020168517050156","article-title":"Porous silicon nanoparticles containing neurotropic drugs","volume":"53","author":"Polkovnikova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S.-R., Britigan, B.E., Moran, D.M., and Narayanasamy, P. (2017). Gallium nanoparticles facilitate phagosome maturation and inhibit growth of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177987"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00443-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00443-19","article-title":"Treatment of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV coinfected macrophages with gallium nanoparticles inhibits pathogen growth and modulates macrophage cytokine production","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1687501","article-title":"AuNPs as an important inorganic nanoparticle applied in drug carrier systems","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2014.06.008","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and the bacterial response to lethal stress","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7078","DOI":"10.3402\/ehtj.v2i0.7078","article-title":"Host defence peptides: Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity and potential applications for tackling antibiotic-resistant infections","volume":"2","author":"Nijnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Health Threat. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12937","article-title":"Identification and characterization of novel host defense peptides from the skin secretion of the fungoid frog, Hydrophylax bahuvistara (Anura: Ranidae)","volume":"92","author":"Asha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1180","article-title":"Defensins: Antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity","volume":"3","author":"Ganz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"3086","article-title":"The human antimicrobial and chemotactic peptides LL-37 and \u03b1-defensins are expressed by specific lymphocyte and monocyte populations","volume":"96","author":"Agerberth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e328136c580","article-title":"Defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"Wehkamp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.11.009","article-title":"Invasive fungi-derived defensins kill drug-resistant bacterial pathogens","volume":"99","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0403147","article-title":"Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity","volume":"75","author":"Zanetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0704380","article-title":"Impact of LL-37 on anti-infective immunity","volume":"77","author":"Bowdish","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b00036","article-title":"Python cathelicidin CATHPb1 protects against multidrug-resistant staphylococcal infections by antimicrobial-immunomodulatory duality","volume":"61","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-011-9343-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: Successes, challenges and unanswered questions","volume":"239","author":"Wimley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1021\/bc300203d","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide neutralizing peptide\u2013porphyrin conjugates for effective photoinactivation and intracellular imaging of Gram-negative bacteria strains","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09643.x","article-title":"What drives bacteria to produce a biofilm?","volume":"236","author":"Jefferson","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections","volume":"284","author":"Costerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1267","article-title":"Antimicrobial and host-defense peptides as new anti-infective therapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Hancock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.8.2873-2878.1995","article-title":"Improvement of solubility and stability of the antimicrobial peptide nisin by protein engineering","volume":"61","author":"Rollema","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-011-9076-5","article-title":"Antibacterial peptides: Opportunities for the prevention and treatment of dental caries","volume":"3","author":"Pepperney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-003-1312-9","article-title":"\u03b5-Poly-L-lysine: Microbial production, biodegradation and application potential","volume":"62","author":"Yoshida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2174\/157489106777452638","article-title":"Omiganan pentahydrochloride in the front line of clinical applications of antimicrobial peptides","volume":"1","author":"Melo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Anti-Infect. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.08.035","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides on calcium phosphate-coated titanium for the prevention of implant-associated infections","volume":"31","author":"Kindrachuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5799\/ahinjs.02.2015.01.0168","article-title":"Killing efficacy and anti-biofilm activity of synthetic human cationic antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin hCAP-18\/LL37 against urinary tract pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Aka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.02.021","article-title":"Cationic amphipathic peptides KT2 and RT2 are taken up into bacterial cells and kill planktonic and biofilm bacteria","volume":"1848","author":"Anunthawan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.05.016","article-title":"Anti-biofilm peptides as a new weapon in antimicrobial warfare","volume":"33","author":"Pletzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3906","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00092-15","article-title":"Antibiofilm peptides increase the susceptibility of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics","volume":"59","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2012.728210","article-title":"New trends in peptide-based anti-biofilm strategies: A review of recent achievements and bioinformatic approaches","volume":"28","author":"Jorge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54349-0","article-title":"Interaction of fluorescently labeled pardaxin and its analogues with lipid bilayers","volume":"266","author":"Rapaport","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13723","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9620621","article-title":"Membrane pores induced by magainin","volume":"35","author":"Ludtke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327308","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2017.1327308","article-title":"Antibiofilm peptides against oral biofilms","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1996.0293","article-title":"Structure and orientation of the mammalian antibacterial peptide cecropin P1 within phospholipid membranes","volume":"258","author":"Gazit","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2016.12.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides as potential anti-biofilm agents against multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"das Neves, R.C., Mortari, M.R., Schwartz, E.F., Kipnis, A., and Junqueira-Kipnis, A.P. (2019). Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of peptides from venom of social Wasp and scorpion on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040216"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2017-0175","article-title":"Synergistic and antibiofilm properties of ocellatin peptides against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"13","author":"Bessa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12538","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R115.707547","article-title":"What\u2019s on the outside matters: The role of the extracellular polymeric substance of gram-negative biofilms in evading host immunity and as a target for therapeutic intervention","volume":"291","author":"Gunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000219377","article-title":"Bacterial sensing of antimicrobial peptides","volume":"Volume 16","author":"Otto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bacterial Sensing and Signaling"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711794088399","article-title":"Use of antimicrobial peptides against microbial biofilms: Advantages and limits","volume":"18","author":"Batoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5624","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00594-08","article-title":"Induction by cationic antimicrobial peptides and involvement in intrinsic polymyxin and antimicrobial peptide resistance, biofilm formation, and swarming motility of PsrA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"190","author":"Gooderham","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12141","article-title":"Anti-biofilm agents: Recent breakthrough against multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"70","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2006.01.042","article-title":"Staphylococcus quorum sensing in biofilm formation and infection","volume":"296","author":"Kong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2003.08.001","article-title":"Ecology of prokaryotic viruses","volume":"28","author":"Weinbauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.aavs\/2014\/2.3s.1.7","article-title":"Bacteriophages: Effective alternative to antibiotics","volume":"2","author":"Karthik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3564","article-title":"A century of the phage: Past, present and future","volume":"13","author":"Salmond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2014.301.315","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy for safeguarding animal and human health: A review","volume":"17","author":"Tiwari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci. PJBS"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2013.101.111","article-title":"Novel and emerging therapies safeguarding health of humans and their companion animals: A review","volume":"16","author":"Dhama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci. PJBS"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.4.1301-1307.2003","article-title":"Use of genetically engineered phage to deliver antimicrobial agents to bacteria: An alternative therapy for treatment of bacterial infections","volume":"47","author":"Westwater","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, C.M., Gannon, B.W., Halfhide, D.E., Santos, S.B., Hayes, C.M., Roe, J.M., and Azeredo, J. (2010). The in vivo efficacy of two administration routes of a phage cocktail to reduce numbers of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in chickens. BMC Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-232"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"55","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy: A novel tool for combating bacterial diseases of poultry\u2014A review","volume":"13","author":"Tiwari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2008.09.001","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy\u2014cooked goose or Phoenix rising?","volume":"19","author":"Mattey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.3.649-659.2001","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy","volume":"45","author":"Sulakvelidze","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv347","article-title":"Fitness costs of drug resistance mutations in multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A household-based case-control study","volume":"213","author":"Salvatore","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1006\/anae.1999.0192","article-title":"Prevention of Clostridium difficile-induced ileocecitis with bacteriophage","volume":"5","author":"Ramesh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01774-15","article-title":"Bacteriophage combinations significantly reduce Clostridium difficile growth in vitro and proliferation in vivo","volume":"60","author":"Nale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.1.204-210.2002","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy rescues mice bacteremic from a clinical isolate of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium","volume":"70","author":"Biswas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"347","article-title":"Therapeutic effectiveness of bacteriophages in the rescue of mice with extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli bacteremia","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"309","article-title":"Use of bacteriophage in the treatment of experimental animal bacteremia from imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00635-06","article-title":"Efficacy of bacteriophage therapy against gut-derived sepsis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice","volume":"51","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26717","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26717","article-title":"Phage selection restores antibiotic sensitivity in MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/nm839","article-title":"Geographic diversity and temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States","volume":"9","author":"McCormick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"301","article-title":"Prevention, Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs\u2014Worldwide, 2000\u20132004","volume":"55","author":"Control","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(98)92874-2","article-title":"Bacteriophages show promise as antimicrobial agents","volume":"36","author":"Alisky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0104-31","article-title":"Old dogma, new tricks\u201421st century phage therapy","volume":"22","author":"Thiel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0313-5","article-title":"The phage therapy paradigm: Pret-a-porter or sur-mesure?","volume":"28","author":"Pirnay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.01.005","article-title":"Experimental coevolution with bacteria and phage: The Pseudomonas fluorescens\u2014\u03a62 model system","volume":"7","author":"Brockhurst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00696","article-title":"Characterization of two novel bacteriophages infecting multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii and evaluation of their therapeutic efficacy in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Cha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaVergne, S., Hamilton, T., Biswas, B., Kumaraswamy, M., Schooley, R., and Wooten, D. (2018). Phage therapy for a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii craniectomy site infection. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press US.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy064"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04641-14","article-title":"Novel phage lysin capable of killing the multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse bacteremia model","volume":"59","author":"Lood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819586a6","article-title":"Systemic use of the endolysin Cpl-1 rescues mice with fatal pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"37","author":"Witzenrath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku552","article-title":"Evolutionarily distinct bacteriophage endolysins featuring conserved peptidoglycan cleavage sites protect mice from MRSA infection","volume":"70","author":"Schmelcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7447","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01357-15","article-title":"Using a novel lysin to help control Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02526-12","article-title":"Novel bacteriophage lysin with broad lytic activity protects against mixed infection by Streptococcus pyogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"57","author":"Gilmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13152","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.13152","article-title":"A bacteriophage endolysin that eliminates intracellular streptococci","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S251171","article-title":"Bacteriophages, a New Therapeutic Solution for Inhibiting Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Causing Wound Infection: Lesson from Animal Models and Clinical Trials","volume":"14","author":"Moghadam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00891-12","article-title":"Existence of separate domains in lysin PlyG for recognizing Bacillus anthracis spores and vegetative cells","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0703-831","article-title":"CpG motifs: The active ingredient in bacterial extracts?","volume":"9","author":"Krieg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"335","article-title":"Bacterial lysate in the prevention of acute exacerbation of COPD and in respiratory recurrent infections","volume":"2","author":"Braido","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"136","article-title":"Bacterial extracts as immunomodulators for the prevention of recurrent respiratory infections in children","volume":"3","author":"Giovannini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Microb. Diagn"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2478\/cipms-2019-0016","article-title":"Liposomal-lipopolysaccharide vaccine extracted from Proteus mirabilis induces moderate TLR4 and CD14 production","volume":"32","author":"Nile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Pharm. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipsitch, M., and Siber, G.R. (2016). How can vaccines contribute to solving the antimicrobial resistance problem?. MBio, 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00428-16"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00039-14","article-title":"Origin and proliferation of multiple-drug resistance in bacterial pathogens","volume":"79","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036121","article-title":"Herd immunity: History, theory, practice","volume":"15","author":"Fine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, B.R., and Cornejo, O.E. (2009). The population and evolutionary dynamics of homologous gene recombination in bacteria. PLoS Genet., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000601"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-619X(79)90043-X","article-title":"The kinetics of conjugative plasmid transmission: Fit of a simple mass action model","volume":"2","author":"Levin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20156098","article-title":"Systematic discovery of drug interaction mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Chevereau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05685","article-title":"Antibiotic interactions that select against resistance","volume":"446","author":"Chait","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.02.007","article-title":"Uncovering scaling laws to infer multidrug response of resistant microbes and cancer cells","volume":"6","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00279-10","article-title":"Candida albicans Als3, a multifunctional adhesin and invasin","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.038","article-title":"NDV-3, a recombinant alum-adjuvanted vaccine for Candida and Staphylococcus aureus, is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults","volume":"30","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tekle, Y.I., Nielsen, K.M., Liu, J., Pettigrew, M.M., Meyers, L.A., Galvani, A.P., and Townsend, J.P. (2012). Controlling antimicrobial resistance through targeted, vaccine-induced replacement of strains. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050688"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00738-7","article-title":"Protective immune response against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a murine model using a DNA vaccine approach","volume":"21","author":"Senna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200363140-00006","article-title":"Clinical role of \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations","volume":"63","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl066","article-title":"Immunogenicity of meningococcal PBP2 during natural infection and protective activity of anti-PBP2 antibodies against meningococcal bacteraemia in mice","volume":"57","author":"Zarantonelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.28428","article-title":"Vaccines against Clostridium difficile","volume":"10","author":"Leuzzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2014.890053","article-title":"Vaccines for Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A long and winding road","volume":"13","author":"Priebe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, V., Bala, M., Bhargava, A., Kakran, M., and Bhatnagar, R. (2018). In vitro efficacy of 21 dual antimicrobial combinations comprising novel and currently recommended combinations for treatment of drug resistant gonorrhoea in future era. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193678"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0307-290","article-title":"Challenges in tuberculosis drug research and development","volume":"13","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34614","article-title":"Confronting the scientific obstacles to global control of tuberculosis","volume":"118","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(03)00668-5","article-title":"Structures of five antibiotics bound at the peptidyl transferase center of the large ribosomal subunit","volume":"330","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.02.005","article-title":"Structures of MLSBK antibiotics bound to mutated large ribosomal subunits provide a structural explanation for resistance","volume":"121","author":"Tu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.43.2.145-192.1979","article-title":"Antibiotics of the virginiamycin family, inhibitors which contain synergistic components","volume":"43","author":"Cocito","year":"1979","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1306620","article-title":"Help is on the way: Monoclonal antibody therapy for multi-drug resistant bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Babb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guachalla, L.M., Ramoni, K., Varga, C., Mutti, M., Ghazawi, A., P\u00e1l, T., Nagy, E., Sonnevend, \u00c1., Nagy, G., and Szij\u00e1rt\u00f3, V. (2018). Retained activity of an O25b-specific monoclonal antibody against an Mcr-1-producing Escherichia coli sequence type 131 strain. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 62.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00046-18"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89652","article-title":"Bispecific antibody targets multiple Pseudomonas aeruginosa evasion mechanisms in the lung vasculature","volume":"127","author":"Thanabalasuriar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3228","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide","volume":"9","author":"Motterlini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs15317c","article-title":"Developing drug molecules for therapy with carbon monoxide","volume":"41","author":"Seixas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9712","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201311225","article-title":"Carbon-monoxide-releasing molecules for the delivery of therapeutic CO in vivo","volume":"53","author":"Bernardes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1039\/C5DT02238J","article-title":"Examining the antimicrobial activity and toxicity to animal cells of different types of CO-releasing molecules","volume":"45","author":"Nobre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2016.1161232","article-title":"Probiotic approach to prevent antibiotic resistance","volume":"48","author":"Ouwehand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.21786\/bbrc\/11.3\/15","article-title":"Insights into the antagonism of Lactobacillus fermentum curd isolate against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Halder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01475","article-title":"Characterizing the antimicrobial function of a dairy-originated probiotic, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, against multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in turkey poults","volume":"9","author":"Nair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.107.044164","article-title":"Discovery of a quorum-sensing inhibitor of drug-resistant staphylococcal infections by structure-based virtual screening","volume":"73","author":"Kiran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.91.2.718-724.1966","article-title":"Host-parasite relationships in experimental airborne tuberculosis I. Preliminary studies in BCG-vaccinated and nonvaccinated animals","volume":"91","author":"Smith","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_209","unstructured":"Janeway, C.A., Travers, P., Walport, M., and Shlomchik, M. (2017). Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 2005, Garland Science."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/334395a0","article-title":"T-cell antigen receptor genes and T-cell recognition","volume":"334","author":"Davis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_211","unstructured":"Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Walter, P. (2002). B Cells Antibodies. Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00027","article-title":"Rapid and Point-of-Care Testing in Respiratory Tract Infections: An Antibiotic Guardian?","volume":"3","author":"Dhesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0084","article-title":"Challenges in identifying antibiotic resistance targets for point-of-care diagnostics in general practice","volume":"13","author":"Mitsakakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3390\/bios5030562","article-title":"The detection of Helicobacter hepaticus using whispering-gallery mode microcavity optical sensors","volume":"5","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.07.008","article-title":"Whispering-Gallery Sensors","volume":"3","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"ref_216","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Qavi, A.J., Huang, S.H., and Yang, L. (2018). Whispering gallery microsensors: A review. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01939","article-title":"Optical microcavities","volume":"424","author":"Vahala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.7.000168","article-title":"Whispering gallery mode sensors","volume":"7","author":"Foreman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900825","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.201900825","article-title":"Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Microresonators: Structures and Sensing Applications","volume":"217","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi (A)"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/2\/859\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:11:56Z","timestamp":1760159516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/2\/859"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"references-count":219,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22020859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22020859","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]}}}