{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:45:14Z","timestamp":1760233514322,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2021, the 100th anniversary of the isolation of insulin and the rescue of a child with type 1 diabetes from death will be marked. In this review, we highlight advances since the ingenious work of the four discoverers, Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod, James Bertram Collip and Charles Herbert Best. Macleoad closed his Nobel Lecture speech by raising the question of the mechanism of insulin action in the body. This challenge attracted many investigators, and the question remained unanswered until the third part of the 20th century. We summarize what has been learned, from the discovery of cell surface receptors, insulin action, and clearance, to network and precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T02:36:05Z","timestamp":1611196565000},"page":"1030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Insulin\u2019s Discovery: New Insights on Its Hundredth Birthday: From Insulin Action and Clearance to Sweet Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Melanie","family":"Leroux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec and D\u00e9partement de P\u00e9diatrie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martial","family":"Boutchueng-Djidjou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec and D\u00e9partement de P\u00e9diatrie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1798-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Faure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec and D\u00e9partement de P\u00e9diatrie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"437","article-title":"The relation of the islets of Langerhans with special reference to cases of pancreates lithiasis","volume":"31","author":"Barron","year":"1920","journal-title":"Sur. 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