{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:33:12Z","timestamp":1790685192697,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Magnesium deficiency contributes to atherogenesis partly by promoting the dysfunction of endothelial cells, which are critical in vascular homeostasis and diseases. Since EDF-1 and PPAR\u03b3 regulate crucial endothelial activities, we investigated the modulation of these proteins involved in lipogenesis as well the deposition of lipids in human endothelial cells cultured in different concentrations of magnesium. Methods: Human endothelial cells from the umbilical vein were cultured in medium containing from 0.1 to 5 mM magnesium for 24 h. The levels of EDF-1 and PPAR\u03b3 were visualized by Western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by DCFDA. Lipids were detected after O Red Oil staining. Results: Magnesium deficiency leads to the accumulation of ROS which upregulate EDF-1. Further, PPAR\u03b3 is increased after culture in low magnesium, but independently from ROS. Moreover, lipids accumulate in magnesium-deficient cells. Conclusions: Our results suggest that magnesium deficiency leads to the deposition of lipids by inducing EDF-1 and PPAR\u03b3. The increase in intracellular lipids might be interpreted as an adaptive response of endothelial cells to magnesium deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T09:49:21Z","timestamp":1611222561000},"page":"1050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Magnesium Deficiency Induces Lipid Accumulation in Vascular Endothelial Cells via Oxidative Stress\u2014The Potential Contribution of EDF-1 and PPAR\u03b3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4568-7825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7974-6299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Fedele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanette A.","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Universit\u00e0 di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger-Genge, A., Blocki, A., Franke, R.-P., and Jung, F. (2019). Vascular Endothelial Cell Biology: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184411"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inglebert, M., Locatelli, L., Tsvirkun, D., Sinha, P., Maier, J.A., Misbah, C., and Bureau, L. (2020). The effect of shear stress reduction on endothelial cells: A microfluidic study of the actin cytoskeleton. Biomicrofluidics, 14.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5143391"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., and Dudley, S.C.J. (2020). 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