{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:14:46Z","timestamp":1788912886863,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY11915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY11915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY002520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY002520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY020799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY020799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP180672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP180672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA125123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA125123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017017","name":"Hamill Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ophthalmology"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ophthalmology"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017017","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001315","name":"Sid W. Richardson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ophthalmology"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ophthalmology"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001315","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corneal and conjunctival inflammation and dry eye develop in systemic vitamin A deficiency (VAD). The objective of this study was to investigate the lacrimal ocular surface retinoid axis, particularly immunomodulatory effects of retinoic acid (RA) and change in conjunctival myeloid cell number and phenotype in VAD. We discovered that ocular surface epithelial and myeloid cells express retinoid receptors. Both all trans- and 9-cis-RA suppressed production of dry eye relevant inflammatory mediators [interleukin(IL)-1\u03b2, IL-12, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)] by myeloid cells. Systemic VAD was associated with significant goblet cell loss and an increased number of CD45+ immune cells in the conjunctiva. MHCII\u2212CD11b+ classical monocytes were significantly increased in the conjunctiva of VAD C57BL\/6 and RXR-\u03b1 mutated Pinkie strains. RNA seq revealed significantly increased expression of innate immune\/inflammatory genes in the Pinkie conjunctiva. These findings indicate that retinoids are essential for maintaining a healthy, well-lubricated ocular surface and have immunomodulatory effects in the conjunctiva that are mediated in part via RXR-\u03b1 signaling. Perturbation of the homeostatic retinoid axis could potentiate inflammation on the ocular surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T11:13:53Z","timestamp":1611314033000},"page":"1092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Retinoid Regulation of Ocular Surface Innate Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jehan","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9057-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cintia S.","family":"de Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9341-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Pflugfelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000124","article-title":"The discovery of the vitamins","volume":"82","author":"Semba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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