{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:56:50Z","timestamp":1792173410455,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1A3A3005437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A3A3005437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of the pigmented cells that lies on the thin extracellular matrix called Bruch\u2019s membrane. This monolayer is the main component of the outer blood\u2013retinal barrier (BRB), which plays a multifunctional role. Due to their crucial roles, the damage of this epithelium causes a wide range of diseases related to retinal degeneration including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and Stargardt disease. Unfortunately, there is presently no cure for these diseases. Clinically implantable RPE for humans is under development, and there is no practical examination platform for drug development. Here, we developed porcine Bruch\u2019s membrane-derived bioink (BM-ECM). Compared to conventional laminin, the RPE cells on BM-ECM showed enhanced functionality of RPE. Furthermore, we developed the Bruch\u2019s membrane-mimetic substrate (BMS) via the integration of BM-ECM and 3D printing technology, which revealed structure and extracellular matrix components similar to those of natural Bruch\u2019s membrane. The developed BMS facilitated the appropriate functions of RPE, including barrier and clearance functions, the secretion of anti-angiogenic growth factors, and enzyme formation for phototransduction. Moreover, it could be used as a basement frame for RPE transplantation. We established BMS using 3D printing technology to grow RPE cells with functions that could be used for an in vitro model and RPE transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T11:13:53Z","timestamp":1611314033000},"page":"1095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Development of 3D Printed Bruch\u2019s Membrane-Mimetic Substance for the Maturation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jongmin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Sik","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyungseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8694-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Yon","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eunpyeong St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea"},{"name":"Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 14662, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Woo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea"},{"name":"School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function","volume":"85","author":"Strauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. 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