{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T06:18:23Z","timestamp":1766902703221,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2015\/17\/N\/NZ9\/00977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2015\/17\/N\/NZ9\/00977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) on the microbiomic and pathogenic phenomena occurring in humans and other warm-blooded animals is relatively well-recognized. At the same time, there are scant data concerning the role of E. coli strains in the health and disease of cold-blooded animals. It is presently known that reptiles are common asymptomatic carriers of another human pathogen, Salmonella, which, when transferred to humans, may cause a disease referred to as reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS). We therefore hypothesized that reptiles may also be carriers of specific E. coli strains (reptilian Escherichia coli, RepEC) which may differ in their genetic composition from the human uropathogenic strain (UPEC) and avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). Therefore, we isolated RepECs (n = 24) from reptile feces and compared isolated strains\u2019 pathogenic potentials and phylogenic relations with the aforementioned UPEC (n = 24) and APEC (n = 24) strains. To this end, we conducted an array of molecular analyses, including determination of the phylogenetic groups of E. coli, virulence genotyping, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis-Restriction Analysis (RA-PFGE) and genetic population structure analysis using Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). The majority of the tested RepEC strains belonged to nonpathogenic phylogroups, with an important exception of one strain, which belonged to the pathogenic group B2, typical of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. This strain was part of the globally disseminated ST131 lineage. Unlike RepEC strains and in line with previous studies, a high percentage of UPEC strains belonged to the phylogroup B2, and the percentage distribution of phylogroups among the tested APEC strains was relatively homogenous, with most coming from the following nonpathogenic groups: C, A and B1. The RA-PFGE displayed a high genetic diversity among all the tested E. coli groups. In the case of RepEC strains, the frequency of occurrence of virulence genes (VGs) was lower than in the UPEC and APEC strains. The presented study is one of the first attempting to compare the phylogenetic structures of E. coli populations isolated from three groups of vertebrates: reptiles, birds and mammals (humans).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T08:29:16Z","timestamp":1611649756000},"page":"1192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Phylogenetic Structure of Reptile, Avian and Uropathogenic Escherichia coli with Particular Reference to Extraintestinal Pathotypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Ksi\u0105\u017cczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, 51-148 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Dudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, 51-148 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Kuczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"O\u2019Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Korzekwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, 51-148 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wzorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Collection of Microorganisms PCM, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Korzeniowska-Kowal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Collection of Microorganisms PCM, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Upton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical &amp; Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7559-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Junka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroc\u0142aw, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7018-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Wieliczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Ratajszczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Garden in Wroc\u0142aw, 51-618 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Bugla-P\u0142osko\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, 51-148 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.6.1751","article-title":"Multilocus genetic structure in natural populations of Escherichia coli","volume":"80","author":"Whittam","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. 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